¿Pudo el Plan Mercurio/Restauración contrarrestar el deterioro de los ríos en Madre de Dios, Perú? Análisis de calidad del agua y percepción de impactos ambientales
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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El Plan Mercurio y Restauración (PMR), iniciado en 2019, busca frenar la minería ilegal e
informal (no formal) en el departamento de Madre de Dios y sus daños sociales y
ambientales, combinando interdicción, formalización, restauración y programas sociales
y productivos. Estudios han identificado su impacto sobre la deforestación, pero falta
analizar otros componentes ambientales en combinación con la percepción local. Esta
investigación examina cuantitativa y cualitativamente si el PMR ha logrado contrarrestar
el deterioro de los ríos por minería no formal en el Corredor Minero de Madre de Dios y
sus alrededores.
Se analizaron datos de calidad del agua y caudal entre 2010 y 2023, usando cinco
parámetros claves (sólidos suspendidos, pH, oxígeno disuelto, mercurio y plomo
disueltos) para ocho puntos de monitoreo, y se entrevistaron a 11 actores. A mediano y
largo plazo, el PMR no logró contrarrestar el deterioro de los ríos. Se identificó una
mejora en las zonas priorizadas: sólidos suspendidos se redujeron en 93% (La Pampa) y
82% (Malinowski), pero según las entrevistas esto fue temporal. Donde hubo menos
operativos y se priorizó la formalización, la calidad del agua empeoró: sólidos
suspendidos y plomo aumentaron hasta en 250% y 119% respectivamente (Caychihue).
Los entrevistados demostraron amplio conocimiento sobre los impactos mineros y las
falencias del PMR, la formalización y fiscalización, señalando que la calidad del agua tras
el plan se mantuvo igual o empeoró, existiendo una concordancia entre ambos análisis.
Para controlar los impactos de la minería se requieren planes integrales y
multisectoriales que, en paralelo a interdicciones, ofrezcan alternativas económicas
sostenibles y rentables, realicen un proceso de formalización y fiscalización eficiente y
promuevan la conciencia ambiental y valores éticos y ciudadanos. Trabajar con la
población y establecer alianzas con instituciones locales será crucial para el éxito de
estos planes. En materia de investigación y control, se requiere de mayores y mejores
monitoreos de calidad del agua, que incluyan información sobre el caudal y midan
metales pesados en sedimentos suspendidos o de fondo, y de estudios que analicen de
forma integrada los impactos socioambientales, incluyendo afectaciones sobre la salud
humana.
The Mercury and Restoration Plan (PMR), initiated in 2019, seeks to restrain illegal and informal (non-formal) mining in Madre de Dios and its social and environmental damages, by combining interdiction, formalization, restoration, and social and productive programs. Studies have identified its impact on deforestation; however, other environmental components need to be analyzed along with the perception of the local population. This research examines quantitatively and qualitatively whether the PMR has managed to counteract the degradation of rivers due to non-formal mining in and around the Madre de Dios Mining Corridor. Water quality and flow data were analyzed between 2010 and 2023, considering five key parameters (suspended solids, pH, dissolved oxygen, dissolved mercury and dissolved lead) for eight monitoring points; in addition, 11 stakeholders were interviewed. In the medium and long term, the PMR failed to counteract river degradation. There was an improvement in the prioritized areas: suspended solids were reduced by 93% (La Pampa) and 82% (Malinowski); but according to the interviews it was only temporary. In areas with fewer operatives that were prioritized for formalization, water quality worsened: suspended solids and lead increased by up to 250% and 119%, respectively (Caychihue). The interviewees demonstrated extensive knowledge of mining impacts and the shortcomings of the PMR, formalization and control process, indicating that water quality after the plan remained the same or worsened. Hence the results of both analyses indicate an agreement between water quality data and local perceptions. To control the impacts of mining, comprehensive and multisectoral plans are required that, alongside interdictions, offer sustainable and profitable economic alternatives, carry out an efficient formalization and control process, and promote environmental awareness and ethical and civic values. Working with the population and establishing alliances with local institutions will be crucial for its success. In terms of research and supervision, more and better water quality monitoring is needed, one that includes information on water flow and measures heavy metals in suspended or bottom sediments. Furthermore, there is a need for studies that analyze socio-environmental impacts in an integrated manner, including effects on human health.
The Mercury and Restoration Plan (PMR), initiated in 2019, seeks to restrain illegal and informal (non-formal) mining in Madre de Dios and its social and environmental damages, by combining interdiction, formalization, restoration, and social and productive programs. Studies have identified its impact on deforestation; however, other environmental components need to be analyzed along with the perception of the local population. This research examines quantitatively and qualitatively whether the PMR has managed to counteract the degradation of rivers due to non-formal mining in and around the Madre de Dios Mining Corridor. Water quality and flow data were analyzed between 2010 and 2023, considering five key parameters (suspended solids, pH, dissolved oxygen, dissolved mercury and dissolved lead) for eight monitoring points; in addition, 11 stakeholders were interviewed. In the medium and long term, the PMR failed to counteract river degradation. There was an improvement in the prioritized areas: suspended solids were reduced by 93% (La Pampa) and 82% (Malinowski); but according to the interviews it was only temporary. In areas with fewer operatives that were prioritized for formalization, water quality worsened: suspended solids and lead increased by up to 250% and 119%, respectively (Caychihue). The interviewees demonstrated extensive knowledge of mining impacts and the shortcomings of the PMR, formalization and control process, indicating that water quality after the plan remained the same or worsened. Hence the results of both analyses indicate an agreement between water quality data and local perceptions. To control the impacts of mining, comprehensive and multisectoral plans are required that, alongside interdictions, offer sustainable and profitable economic alternatives, carry out an efficient formalization and control process, and promote environmental awareness and ethical and civic values. Working with the population and establishing alliances with local institutions will be crucial for its success. In terms of research and supervision, more and better water quality monitoring is needed, one that includes information on water flow and measures heavy metals in suspended or bottom sediments. Furthermore, there is a need for studies that analyze socio-environmental impacts in an integrated manner, including effects on human health.
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Industria minera--Aspectos ambientales--Perú--Madre de Dios, Industria minera--Aspectos sociales--Perú--Madre de Dios, Ríos--Perú--Madre de Dios, Economía informal--Perú--Madre de Dios, Análisis del impacto ambiental--Perú--Madre de Dios, Calidad del agua--Perú--Madre de Dios
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