El papel de Brasil en la conformación y declive del Consejo de Defensa Suramericano (CDS) de UNASUR (2008-2018)
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2025-04-02
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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Abstract
A inicios de este siglo, Suramérica comenzó a experimentar un momento
post-hegemónico, promovido por distintos gobiernos de izquierda; fenómeno que
se vio favorecido por factores tanto a nivel sistémico como doméstico. A nivel
sistémico, tras los atentados del 11 de septiembre, se observó un cambio en la
postura de Estados Unidos quien orientó su mirada hacia la región de Asia, lo
que resultó en una disminución de su interés por esta región. Este cambio
permitió que el liderazgo brasileño asumiera protagonismo y fuera aceptado por
los demás gobiernos suramericanos.
En este contexto, surgen propuestas como la Unión de Naciones
Suramericanas (UNASUR) y, en su interior, el Consejo de Defensa Suramericano
(CDS) impulsados por Brasil; pero que, tras su conformación, entró en un periodo
de declive, hasta su posterior desaparición. Por lo que nos preguntamos: ¿Cómo
la ideología y el liderazgo brasileño incidieron en la conformación y declive del
Consejo de Defensa de UNASUR, en el período 2008 – 2018? Para dar
respuesta a dicha pregunta recurrimos a la teoría del Realismo Neoclásico
(RNC), el cual nos permitió determinar el papel de Brasil, tanto en la
conformación como en el declive del CDS, considerado uno de los organismos
más dinámicos de la UNASUR.
La evidencia empírica ha demostrado que el CDS representó el organismo
con mayor producción de la UNASUR, el cual permitió fortalecer y transparentar
la cooperación en materia de Defensa; sin embargo, debido a factores
domésticos brasileños, más que al cambio de contexto ideológico presidencial,
fue dejado de lado sin que ningún otro país se interesara por asumir su liderazgo.
At the beginning of this century, South America began to experience a post-hegemonic moment, promoted by various leftist governments; a phenomenon that was favored by both systemic and domestic factors. At the systemic level, following the September 11 attacks, a shift in the United States' stance was observed, as it turned its attention towards the Asian region, resulting in a decrease in its interest in this region. This change allowed Brazilian leadership to take center stage and be accepted by other South American governments. In this context, proposals such as the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) and, within it, the South American Defense Council (CDS) emerged, driven by Brazil; but, after its formation, it entered a period of decline, leading to its subsequent disappearance. So, we ask ourselves: How did Brazilian ideology and leadership influence the formation and decline of the UNASUR Defense Council during the period 2008 – 2018? To answer this question, we turned to Neoclassical Realism (NR), which allowed us to determine Brazil's role in both the formation and decline of the CDC, considered one of the most dynamic bodies of UNASUR. Empirical evidence has shown that the CDS represented the most productive body of UNASUR, which allowed for the strengthening and transparency of defense cooperation; however, due to Brazilian domestic factors, rather than a change in presidential ideological context, it was sidelined without any other country showing interest in assuming its leadership.
At the beginning of this century, South America began to experience a post-hegemonic moment, promoted by various leftist governments; a phenomenon that was favored by both systemic and domestic factors. At the systemic level, following the September 11 attacks, a shift in the United States' stance was observed, as it turned its attention towards the Asian region, resulting in a decrease in its interest in this region. This change allowed Brazilian leadership to take center stage and be accepted by other South American governments. In this context, proposals such as the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) and, within it, the South American Defense Council (CDS) emerged, driven by Brazil; but, after its formation, it entered a period of decline, leading to its subsequent disappearance. So, we ask ourselves: How did Brazilian ideology and leadership influence the formation and decline of the UNASUR Defense Council during the period 2008 – 2018? To answer this question, we turned to Neoclassical Realism (NR), which allowed us to determine Brazil's role in both the formation and decline of the CDC, considered one of the most dynamic bodies of UNASUR. Empirical evidence has shown that the CDS represented the most productive body of UNASUR, which allowed for the strengthening and transparency of defense cooperation; however, due to Brazilian domestic factors, rather than a change in presidential ideological context, it was sidelined without any other country showing interest in assuming its leadership.
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Unión de Naciones Suramericanas, Consejo de Defensa Suramericano, Liderazgo--Brasil, Realismo político, Ideología--Brasil, Brasil--Relaciones exteriores
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