Pobreza extrema y el Programa JUNTOS en la comunidad de Pomabamba, provincia Antonio Raimondi, Ancash
Date
2019-02-08
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Abstract
La presente investigación analiza si las usuarias del Programa Nacional de
Apoyo Directo a los Más Pobres: JUNTOS, de la comunidad de Pomabamba, en
Ancash, han modificado algunas de sus condiciones de pobreza a partir de su
inclusión en el mencionado programa. JUNTOS transfiere condicionadamente
dinero, a mujeres con hijos menores a los 14 años y gestantes, bajo la condición
de que asistan a los servicios de salud y educación que brinda el Estado,
considerando que con esta condicionalidad su nivel educativo y condiciones de
salud no se repita el círculo de la pobreza.
El método usado en este trabajo fue cualitativo etnográfico, inductivo y
descriptivo, se consideró un universo de 20 usuarias de JUNTOS. Las técnicas
fueron: observación, entrevista semiestructurada, trabajo con grupos focales y
análisis bibliográfico. Las guías y notas de campo también fueron instrumentos
valiosos de recojo de información. Las fuentes de información fueron las 20
usuarias, dos trabajadoras del centro de salud, cuatro maestros, y el promotor de
JUNTOS de la localidad. Los resultados mostraron que a pesar que este
programa ayuda el alivio de gastos, sin embargo, no ha modificado condiciones
arraigadas de la pobreza de las usuarias, referentes a la calidad de vida, a la
realización de algún trabajo productivo, al desarrollo de capacidades y
habilidades en las usuarias.
Las usuarias sólo esperan el dinero y no relacionan la insistencia de JUNTOS en
servicios de salud o educación, como vías importantes para cambiar su situación
social y económica. Ellas atienden a estos servicios porque es una obligación,
más no lo toman como un camino para la superación. Por otro lado, JUNTOS no
tiene una buena gestión de interculturalidad para motivar a las usuarias a que
ellas se involucren y sean protagonistas activas de su propio desarrollo.
Hasta la actualidad los promotores de JUNTOS cumplen un trabajo
administrativo exigente, tienen que hacer reportes actualizados y visitar las
zonas que son alejadas. En esta investigación encontramos que los otros
programas sociales del Estado, e inclusive programas del mismo Ministerio de
Desarrollo e Inclusión Social, no coordinan. Por otro lado, las autoridades locales
tampoco intervienen. Las usuarias no saben cómo hacer alguna actividad
productiva sostenible, mencionan no contar con capital, capacitación, crédito y
3
compradores. Todo eso, para ellas es un gran riesgo que les exige tiempo, y con
sus hijos menores, sus animales y la chacra están agobiadas.
Las usuarias continúan viviendo en condiciones precarias, solo una de ellas tiene
letrina y cocina mejorada. Algunos niños de la comunidad de Pomabamba no
han superado su desnutrición y anemia. La percepción de salir de la pobreza es
muy lejana, no muestran esperanza de superarla. Por ello, esta tesis propone
cambios en la gerencia social para ver mejoras en el proceso de intervención de
JUNTOS y así obtener mejores resultados.
The present investigation analyzes if the beneficiaries or users of the National Program of Direct Support to the Poorest: JUNTOS, from the community of Pomabamba, in Ancash, have modified some of their poverty conditions from their insert in the mentioned program. JUNTOS conditionally transfers money to women with children under the age of 14 and pregnant women, under the condition that they should consume health and education services provided by the State, considering that by improving their educational level and health conditions they can fight against the circle of poverty. The method used in this paper work was qualitative ethnographic, inductive and descriptive, it was considered a universe of 20 JUNTOS users. The techniques were, observation, semi-structured interview, focus groups workshop and bibliographic analysis. The guides and field notes were also valuable tools for gathering information. The sources of information were the 20 users, 2 workers of the health center, 4 teachers, and promoter of JUNTOS. The results showed that even though JUNTOS helps them with some of their expenses, it has not modified the ingrained conditions of the beneficiary's poverty, regarding the quality of life, the accomplishment of some productive work, the development of skills and abilities in them. The beneficiaries expect only the money and they don’t relate that JUNTOS’ persistence of them having health services or education, as important ways to change their social and economic situation. They consume these services because it is an obligation, not because is one of the ways to look for a better life. On the other hand, JUNTOS does not have a good management approaching the diversity of cultures in order to motivate beneficiaries to become involved and be proactive of their own development. Up to now, the promoters or agents of JUNTOS fulfill a demanding administrative job, they have to make reports and visits to areas that are far away. In this research we find that the other social programs of the State, even in the same Ministry of Development and Social Inclusion, do not coordinate. To add, local 5 authorities do not intervene either. The beneficiaries do not know how to do any sustainable productive activity, they do not have funds, training, credit and buyers. All this, for them, is a great risk that demands time, they are overwhelmed with their children animals, and the farm. The beneficiaries continue to live in precarious conditions, only one of them has an improved latrine and kitchen. Some of the children in the community of Pomabamba have not improved their malnutrition and anemia. The perception of getting out of poverty is very far away, they do not show hope of overcoming it. Therefore, this thesis proposes changes in their social management and improvements in the intervention process of JUNTOS, so they can obtain better results.
The present investigation analyzes if the beneficiaries or users of the National Program of Direct Support to the Poorest: JUNTOS, from the community of Pomabamba, in Ancash, have modified some of their poverty conditions from their insert in the mentioned program. JUNTOS conditionally transfers money to women with children under the age of 14 and pregnant women, under the condition that they should consume health and education services provided by the State, considering that by improving their educational level and health conditions they can fight against the circle of poverty. The method used in this paper work was qualitative ethnographic, inductive and descriptive, it was considered a universe of 20 JUNTOS users. The techniques were, observation, semi-structured interview, focus groups workshop and bibliographic analysis. The guides and field notes were also valuable tools for gathering information. The sources of information were the 20 users, 2 workers of the health center, 4 teachers, and promoter of JUNTOS. The results showed that even though JUNTOS helps them with some of their expenses, it has not modified the ingrained conditions of the beneficiary's poverty, regarding the quality of life, the accomplishment of some productive work, the development of skills and abilities in them. The beneficiaries expect only the money and they don’t relate that JUNTOS’ persistence of them having health services or education, as important ways to change their social and economic situation. They consume these services because it is an obligation, not because is one of the ways to look for a better life. On the other hand, JUNTOS does not have a good management approaching the diversity of cultures in order to motivate beneficiaries to become involved and be proactive of their own development. Up to now, the promoters or agents of JUNTOS fulfill a demanding administrative job, they have to make reports and visits to areas that are far away. In this research we find that the other social programs of the State, even in the same Ministry of Development and Social Inclusion, do not coordinate. To add, local 5 authorities do not intervene either. The beneficiaries do not know how to do any sustainable productive activity, they do not have funds, training, credit and buyers. All this, for them, is a great risk that demands time, they are overwhelmed with their children animals, and the farm. The beneficiaries continue to live in precarious conditions, only one of them has an improved latrine and kitchen. Some of the children in the community of Pomabamba have not improved their malnutrition and anemia. The perception of getting out of poverty is very far away, they do not show hope of overcoming it. Therefore, this thesis proposes changes in their social management and improvements in the intervention process of JUNTOS, so they can obtain better results.
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Keywords
Programas sociales--Perú, Desarrollo social--Perú--Ancash, Pobreza--Perú, Mujeres--Perú--Ancash
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