Análisis de la relación de los préstamos otorgados por los bancos peruanos con su rentabilidad durante el período 2014-2023
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Acceso al texto completo solo para la Comunidad PUCP
Resumen
Los préstamos otorgados por los bancos son una de las principales actividades
financieras que afectan su rentabilidad, pero eventos globales como crisis
económicas, factores sociopolíticos y la pandemia del COVID-19 han influido en
esta relación en Perú. Además, factores como el tamaño del banco, las tasas de
interés y los riesgos de crédito son determinantes clave en esta dinámica. La
investigación busca evaluar cómo los préstamos otorgados por los bancos peruanos
se relacionan con su rentabilidad, medida a través de los indicadores ROA, ROE y
margen de interés, durante el período 2014-2023. Este análisis permite a los bancos
y reguladores comprender mejor la relación entre los préstamos y los indicadores
financieros, lo que facilita la toma de decisiones estratégicas y de política en un
sector regulado por la SBS, donde la transparencia y estabilidad financiera son
esenciales para el crecimiento económico y la confianza de los usuarios. La
metodología utilizada sigue un enfoque cuantitativo con un diseño no experimental,
descriptivo y longitudinal, analizando una muestra de 15 bancos peruanos mediante
pruebas estadísticas como el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman. Los
resultados evidencian que la relación entre el volumen de préstamos y la
rentabilidad varía según el indicador analizado y el contexto macroeconómico de
cada año. No se encontró una correlación significativa entre los préstamos
otorgados y los indicadores de rentabilidad ROA y margen de interés, pero sí se
identificó una correlación inversa con el ROE. Esto indica que, aunque el
crecimiento de la cartera de créditos puede reducir la rentabilidad sobre el
patrimonio, no tiene el mismo efecto sobre otros indicadores financieros. Estos
hallazgos resaltan la importancia de una gestión estratégica en la asignación y
control de riesgos de la cartera de préstamos, ya que el impacto varía según el
indicador de rentabilidad analizado y las condiciones del mercado. Además, factores
internos como la eficiencia operativa y factores externos como el entorno
macroeconómico juegan un papel crucial en estas relaciones.
Background: Loans provided by banks are one of the primary financial activities influencing their profitability. However, global events such as economic crises, sociopolitical factors, or unforeseen situations (such as the COVID-19 pandemic) have impacted the relationship between loan provision and banking profitability in Peru. Additionally, factors such as bank size, interest rates, and credit risks are key determinants in evaluating this relationship. Objective: To evaluate how loans granted by Peruvian banks are related to their profitability, measured by ROA, ROE, and net interest margin indicators, during the 2014-2023 period. Practical Implications: This analysis enables banks and regulators to better understand the dynamics between loans and profitability indicators, informing strategic decisions and policies to optimize financial performance. It is particularly relevant in a sector regulated by the SBS, where financial transparency and stability are essential for economic growth and user confidence. Methods: The research adopts a quantitative approach with a non-experimental, descriptive, and longitudinal design. A sample of 15 banks regulated by the SBS in Peru was selected. The analysis focuses on the relationship between the loan portfolio and financial indicators using statistical tests, such as the Spearman correlation coefficient. Results: The results reveal a significant relationship between the volume of loans granted and profitability indicators. However, this relationship varies depending on the specific indicator analyzed and the macroeconomic context of each year. Conclusions: It was found that there is no significant correlation between loans granted by Peruvian banks and the profitability indicators ROA and net interest margin during the 2014-2023 period. However, a significant and inverse correlation was identified between loans granted and the ROE indicator. This implies that, while loan portfolio growth may negatively impact return on equity, it does not similarly affect other key indicators. These findings highlight the importance of strategic management in the allocation and risk control of the loan portfolio, as the impact varies depending on the profitability indicator analyzed and market conditions. Furthermore, internal factors, such as operational efficiency, and external factors, such as the macroeconomic environment, play a crucial mediating role in these relationships.
Background: Loans provided by banks are one of the primary financial activities influencing their profitability. However, global events such as economic crises, sociopolitical factors, or unforeseen situations (such as the COVID-19 pandemic) have impacted the relationship between loan provision and banking profitability in Peru. Additionally, factors such as bank size, interest rates, and credit risks are key determinants in evaluating this relationship. Objective: To evaluate how loans granted by Peruvian banks are related to their profitability, measured by ROA, ROE, and net interest margin indicators, during the 2014-2023 period. Practical Implications: This analysis enables banks and regulators to better understand the dynamics between loans and profitability indicators, informing strategic decisions and policies to optimize financial performance. It is particularly relevant in a sector regulated by the SBS, where financial transparency and stability are essential for economic growth and user confidence. Methods: The research adopts a quantitative approach with a non-experimental, descriptive, and longitudinal design. A sample of 15 banks regulated by the SBS in Peru was selected. The analysis focuses on the relationship between the loan portfolio and financial indicators using statistical tests, such as the Spearman correlation coefficient. Results: The results reveal a significant relationship between the volume of loans granted and profitability indicators. However, this relationship varies depending on the specific indicator analyzed and the macroeconomic context of each year. Conclusions: It was found that there is no significant correlation between loans granted by Peruvian banks and the profitability indicators ROA and net interest margin during the 2014-2023 period. However, a significant and inverse correlation was identified between loans granted and the ROE indicator. This implies that, while loan portfolio growth may negatively impact return on equity, it does not similarly affect other key indicators. These findings highlight the importance of strategic management in the allocation and risk control of the loan portfolio, as the impact varies depending on the profitability indicator analyzed and market conditions. Furthermore, internal factors, such as operational efficiency, and external factors, such as the macroeconomic environment, play a crucial mediating role in these relationships.
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Préstamos bancarios--Perú, Tasa de rendimiento--Perú, Interés--Perú
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