Devolución de pagos indebidos y en exceso en el ordenamiento tributario peruano
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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El presente trabajo aborda la problemática de la falta de diferenciación normativa
entre el pago indebido y el pago en exceso en el sistema tributario peruano, pese
a que ambos presentan naturalezas jurídicas y niveles de complejidad distintos.
Esta falta de precisión normativa genera incertidumbre en la tramitación de las
solicitudes de devolución, afecta la correcta aplicación de los plazos para
resolverlas o interponerlas, y dificulta la determinación clara de la carga
probatoria.
El estudio se desarrolló a partir del artículo 38° del Código Tributario peruano,
complementado con la Norma IX de su Título Preliminar y el Código Civil, así
como con criterios administrativos de la Administración Tributaria y la
jurisprudencia del Tribunal Fiscal y de la Corte Suprema. Asimismo, efectuó un
análisis comparado de los regímenes de Ecuador, España y Colombia para
posteriormete presentar casos prácticos que muestren si la regulación de los
mismos podría ser de utilidad.
Entre las principales conclusiones, se determinó que el pago indebido requiere
mayor verificación por parte de la Administración, por lo que podría justificar un
plazo diferenciado para su devolución; que la prescripción debería modularse
según el tipo de pago; y que la verificación o fiscalización por parte de la
Administración Tributaria se realice con mayor rigurosidad, y que el
contribuyente asuma un rol activo aportando oportunamente los medios
probatorios o información complementaria necesaria para resolver la solicitud.
Finalmente, se propone que el Perú adopte un modelo normativo más preciso y
diferenciado, alineado con estándares comparados que fortalezcan la seguridad
jurídica y la confianza tributaria.
This research addresses the lack of normative differentiation between undue payment and excess payment within the Peruvian tax system, despite their distinct legal nature and levels of administrative complexity. This regulatory imprecision generates uncertainty in the processing of refund requests, hinders the correct application of deadlines for filing and resolving such requests, and complicates the clear allocation of the burden of proof. The study is grounded in Article 38 of the Peruvian Tax Code, supplemented by the Preliminary Title’s Ninth Rule and Articles 1267 and 1273 of the Civil Code, along with administrative criteria issued by the tax administration and case law from the Tax Court and the Supreme Court. A comparative analysis was also conducted, drawing on the legal frameworks of Ecuador, Spain, and Colombia, followed by practical case assessments to determine whether their regulatory approaches could be beneficial. Among the main findings, it was determined that undue payments require more rigorous verification by the tax administration, which could justify differentiated timeframes for refunds. Furthermore, the statute of limitations should be modulated depending on the type of payment, and the verification or audit process should be carried out with greater diligence. Likewise, taxpayers should assume a more active role by timely submitting the necessary evidence or supplementary information required to resolve their refund requests. Finally, the study proposes that Peru adopt a more precise and differentiated regulatory model, aligned with comparative international standards that reinforce legal certainty and foster taxpayer confidence.
This research addresses the lack of normative differentiation between undue payment and excess payment within the Peruvian tax system, despite their distinct legal nature and levels of administrative complexity. This regulatory imprecision generates uncertainty in the processing of refund requests, hinders the correct application of deadlines for filing and resolving such requests, and complicates the clear allocation of the burden of proof. The study is grounded in Article 38 of the Peruvian Tax Code, supplemented by the Preliminary Title’s Ninth Rule and Articles 1267 and 1273 of the Civil Code, along with administrative criteria issued by the tax administration and case law from the Tax Court and the Supreme Court. A comparative analysis was also conducted, drawing on the legal frameworks of Ecuador, Spain, and Colombia, followed by practical case assessments to determine whether their regulatory approaches could be beneficial. Among the main findings, it was determined that undue payments require more rigorous verification by the tax administration, which could justify differentiated timeframes for refunds. Furthermore, the statute of limitations should be modulated depending on the type of payment, and the verification or audit process should be carried out with greater diligence. Likewise, taxpayers should assume a more active role by timely submitting the necessary evidence or supplementary information required to resolve their refund requests. Finally, the study proposes that Peru adopt a more precise and differentiated regulatory model, aligned with comparative international standards that reinforce legal certainty and foster taxpayer confidence.
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Derecho tributario--Legislación--Perú, Impuestos--Perú, Obligaciones (Derecho)--Perú, Prescripción (Derecho)--Perú, Prueba (Derecho)--Perú
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