Evaluación de la degradación de contaminantes ecotóxicos de las aguas de residuales de la industria minera por medio de humedales artificiales
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2019-06-27
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Abstract
El Perú es un país con gran potencial minero, teniendo 1159557 ha en producción, donde
la minería utiliza aproximadamente 207 MMC/año de agua (6,6 m3/s) donde de esta el 22 % de
agua residual es tratada.
Según políticas estatales vigentes actualmente, el Perú adopta nuevas medidas para
prevenir la contaminación de los recursos hídricos, flora y fauna, y que estos contaminantes se
encuentren dentro del rango de límites máximos permisibles según la ley nacional e internacional,
para que así el proceso extractivo llevado a cabo en determinada región sea ambientalmente
amigable.
Nuestra tesis investiga los humedales artificiales con la intención de evaluar la disminución de los
niveles concentración de contaminantes eco-tóxicos (nitratos, amonio y competidores como iones
metálicos cobre o plomo) de aguas residuales de una operación minera.
La investigación evalúa el tratamiento de aguas residuales a disposición, para lo cual se
realizó un análisis de los parámetros necesarios para el diseño y, con ello, construir un sistema
artificial de flujo sub superficial. Además, se probaron especies vegetales Schoenoplectus
californicus (totora) y Schoenoplectus lacustris (carrizo), como parte de los componentes de un
humedal artificial. En este sentido se construyó un humedal piloto con materiales filtrantes (piedra,
arena, grava y tierra) y las especies vegetales antes mencionadas.
Luego que las aguas residuales conteniendo cobre, cinc y plomo fueran tratadas en nuestros
humedales artificiales pilotos, los niveles de concentración disminuyeron en un tanto por ciento y
se evaluó si el agua tratada estaba dentro de los límites permisibles para la descarga, según lo
demanda las normas vigentes.
Finalmente, se elaboró un flujo de costos con un factor de escala para la implementación
de esta alternativa de tratamiento para llevarlo a pequeña y mediana minería, además de
comunidades aledañas a las minas que puedan mantener aguas con un grado de calidad.
Peru is a country with a great potential in the mining industry where the production is about 1159557 ha. Mining in Peru uses approximately 207 MMC/year of water (6, 6 m3/s), where only 22% of residual waters are treated. According to actual state policies, Peru has adopted new measures for preventing pollution of hydric resources, flora and fauna and also to maintain the polluters between the range of the maximum permissible limits according to national and international laws. Following this policies, extraction activity in the regions becomes eco-friendly. Our thesis investigates artificial wetlands with the intention of evaluating the decreasing of the concentration levels of eco-toxic polluters (nitrates, ammonium and metallic ions of cooper or lead) of residual waters of mining operations. The investigation evaluates the treatment of residual waters. To accomplish this, an analysis of necessary parameters for the design was performed. With this information, an artificial system with sub superficial flow was created. In addition, Schoenoplectus californicus (totora) and Schoenoplectus lacustris (carrizo) were used as the vegetable species for the artificial wetland. The pilot of the artificial wetland was constructed using filtrating materials (rocks, sand, gravel and soil) and the vegetal species mentioned before. After the residual waters were treated in our artificial wetlands, the levels of concentration of copper, zinc and lead diminished and we evaluated if the treated water was inside the permissible limits of discharge according to the demands in actual laws. Finally, we elaborated a flow of costs as a scale factor for the implementation of this alternative as a treatment in small and medium mining and also in communities near mines so the quality of their water can be maintained.
Peru is a country with a great potential in the mining industry where the production is about 1159557 ha. Mining in Peru uses approximately 207 MMC/year of water (6, 6 m3/s), where only 22% of residual waters are treated. According to actual state policies, Peru has adopted new measures for preventing pollution of hydric resources, flora and fauna and also to maintain the polluters between the range of the maximum permissible limits according to national and international laws. Following this policies, extraction activity in the regions becomes eco-friendly. Our thesis investigates artificial wetlands with the intention of evaluating the decreasing of the concentration levels of eco-toxic polluters (nitrates, ammonium and metallic ions of cooper or lead) of residual waters of mining operations. The investigation evaluates the treatment of residual waters. To accomplish this, an analysis of necessary parameters for the design was performed. With this information, an artificial system with sub superficial flow was created. In addition, Schoenoplectus californicus (totora) and Schoenoplectus lacustris (carrizo) were used as the vegetable species for the artificial wetland. The pilot of the artificial wetland was constructed using filtrating materials (rocks, sand, gravel and soil) and the vegetal species mentioned before. After the residual waters were treated in our artificial wetlands, the levels of concentration of copper, zinc and lead diminished and we evaluated if the treated water was inside the permissible limits of discharge according to the demands in actual laws. Finally, we elaborated a flow of costs as a scale factor for the implementation of this alternative as a treatment in small and medium mining and also in communities near mines so the quality of their water can be maintained.
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Keywords
Aguas residuales, Aguas residuales--Tratamiento, Metales pesados--Absorción
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