Salud mental y deber de prevención del empleador en el derecho laboral peruano: un análisis de los límites y alcances de situaciones personales del trabajador
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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Resumen
El trabajo consiste en determinar hasta qué límite puede extenderse el deber de
prevención del empleador respecto de situaciones personales que afectan la salud
mental del trabajador, sin vulnerar derechos fundamentales como la intimidad, la
autonomía personal y la seguridad jurídica. La creciente incorporación de la salud
mental dentro de las obligaciones de seguridad y salud en el trabajo ha generado
tensiones entre la protección preventiva y el respeto a la vida privada, especialmente a
partir de los precedentes de SUNAFIL que han consolidado el denominado “deber de
prevención reforzado” incluso frente a eventos no laborales. Para el análisis se
emplearon instrumentos normativos nacionales e internacionales, así como estándares
de derechos fundamentales desarrollados por el Tribunal Constitucional, la OIT, y
doctrina especializada sobre intimidad laboral y riesgos psicosociales. El estudio
concluye que, aunque la protección de la salud mental constituye un avance necesario
en la agenda laboral, la intervención del empleador debe estar estrictamente delimitada
por criterios de razonabilidad, proporcionalidad, consentimiento informado y
confidencialidad. Recursos Humanos solo debe actuar ante riesgos objetivos y siempre
mediante salud ocupacional. La prevención no puede transformarse en supervisión
emocional ni en paternalismo empresarial. Finalmente, el deber de prevención reforzado
requiere un desarrollo normativo más preciso que evite su aplicación ilimitada y permita
un modelo de corresponsabilidad equilibrada entre trabajador, empleador y Estado.
This study examines the extent to which an employer’s duty of prevention may legitimately reach into an employee’s personal circumstances when such circumstances affect their mental health, without infringing upon fundamental rights such as privacy, personal autonomy, and legal certainty. The increasing recognition of mental health as part of occupational safety and health obligations has created significant tensions between preventive protection and respect for private life—especially following SUNAFIL precedents that have expanded a so-called “reinforced duty of prevention” even to nonwork- related events. The analysis draws on national and international legal instruments, constitutional standards developed by the Peruvian Constitutional Court, guidance from the ILO, and specialized scholarship on workplace privacy and psychosocial risks. The findings suggest that while mental health protection is a necessary and evolving component of modern labor policy, employer intervention must be strictly guided by principles of reasonableness, proportionality, informed consent, and confidentiality. Human Resources should intervene only when there are objective indicators of risk and exclusively through occupational health channels. Preventive measures must not evolve into emotional monitoring or paternalistic oversight. Ultimately, the reinforced duty of prevention requires more precise legal regulation to avoid excessive or arbitrary application and to enable a balanced framework of shared responsibility between employees, employers, and the State.
This study examines the extent to which an employer’s duty of prevention may legitimately reach into an employee’s personal circumstances when such circumstances affect their mental health, without infringing upon fundamental rights such as privacy, personal autonomy, and legal certainty. The increasing recognition of mental health as part of occupational safety and health obligations has created significant tensions between preventive protection and respect for private life—especially following SUNAFIL precedents that have expanded a so-called “reinforced duty of prevention” even to nonwork- related events. The analysis draws on national and international legal instruments, constitutional standards developed by the Peruvian Constitutional Court, guidance from the ILO, and specialized scholarship on workplace privacy and psychosocial risks. The findings suggest that while mental health protection is a necessary and evolving component of modern labor policy, employer intervention must be strictly guided by principles of reasonableness, proportionality, informed consent, and confidentiality. Human Resources should intervene only when there are objective indicators of risk and exclusively through occupational health channels. Preventive measures must not evolve into emotional monitoring or paternalistic oversight. Ultimately, the reinforced duty of prevention requires more precise legal regulation to avoid excessive or arbitrary application and to enable a balanced framework of shared responsibility between employees, employers, and the State.
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Derecho laboral--Perú, Salud mental--Perú--Prevención, Seguridad industrial--Perú