La problemática del sufragio analfabeto en el sur andino en el siglo XX (1933-1980)
Date
2024-07-22
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Abstract
Esta investigación da a conocer el proceso mediante el cual los iletrados
llegaron a ser ciudadanos en 1980. Para ello, recorre los siglos XIX y XX, siendo
los puntos centrales las Asambleas Constituyentes de 1932 y 1979.
En un principio los políticos abrazaron las corrientes darwinista e
indigenista; una vez establecida la semejanza entre indio e iletrado, estimaron
que eran incapaces de discernir o aportar a la construcción de un país moderno,
que necesitaban ser tutelados. En 1932 se reconfirmó esta exclusión,
establecida en 1895. En el trayecto hacia 1979, ciertos sucesos políticos y
sociales modificaron la narrativa, lográndose el consenso hacia el voto del
iletrado.
Para realizar esta investigación he consultado fuentes primarias en los
repositorios del JNE, Congreso e INEI. También recogí testimonios en la
provincia de Anta (Cuzco), entre un grupo de pobladores analfabetos, semi
analfabetos y que estuvieron cercanos a ellos en la coyuntura electoral de 1980.
Esta fue una concesión. No hubo iletrados, ni dirigentes reclamándolo.
Ellos lucharon por recuperar tierras ancestrales y por acceder a la educación. El
sufragio no estuvo entre sus metas ni reflejó el sentir campesino; por lo que fue
una preocupación de políticos e intelectuales.
A nivel oficial, no se discutió suficientemente sobre la apremiante
necesidad de eliminar el analfabetismo. En el Sur Andino no se consiguió
reducirlo significativamente, por lo que siguió representando un azote para la
conformación de un país soberano.
Por último, cuando el Perú concedió el sufragio de los iletrados fue parte
de la corriente democratizadora que recorrió Latinoamérica.
This research reveals the process by which the illiterate became citizens in 1980. it covers the 19th and 20th centuries, with the central points being the Constituent Assemblies of 1932 and 1979. At first the politicians embraced the Darwinist and indigenist currents; Once the similarity between Indian and illiterate was established, they considered that they were incapable of discerning or contributing to the construction of a modern nation, that they needed to be protected. In 1932, this exclusion was confirmed. On the way to 1979, certain political and social events modified the narrative, achieving consensus towards the illiterate vote. To carry out this research I have consulted primary sources in the repositories of the JNE, Congress and INEI. I also collected testimonies in Anta (Cuzco), among a group of illiterate and semi-illiterate residents who were close to them during the 1980 electoral situation. This was a concession. There were no illiterate people, nor leaders demanding it. They fought to recover ancestral lands and to access education. Suffrage was not among their goals nor did it reflect peasant sentiment, it was a concern of politicians and intellectuals. At the official level, the need to eliminate illiteracy was not sufficiently discussed. In the South Andean region, it was not possible to significantly reduce it, which is why it continued to represent a scourge for the formation of a sovereign country. Finally, when Peru granted suffrage to the illiterate, it was part of the democratizing current that swept through Latin America.
This research reveals the process by which the illiterate became citizens in 1980. it covers the 19th and 20th centuries, with the central points being the Constituent Assemblies of 1932 and 1979. At first the politicians embraced the Darwinist and indigenist currents; Once the similarity between Indian and illiterate was established, they considered that they were incapable of discerning or contributing to the construction of a modern nation, that they needed to be protected. In 1932, this exclusion was confirmed. On the way to 1979, certain political and social events modified the narrative, achieving consensus towards the illiterate vote. To carry out this research I have consulted primary sources in the repositories of the JNE, Congress and INEI. I also collected testimonies in Anta (Cuzco), among a group of illiterate and semi-illiterate residents who were close to them during the 1980 electoral situation. This was a concession. There were no illiterate people, nor leaders demanding it. They fought to recover ancestral lands and to access education. Suffrage was not among their goals nor did it reflect peasant sentiment, it was a concern of politicians and intellectuals. At the official level, the need to eliminate illiteracy was not sufficiently discussed. In the South Andean region, it was not possible to significantly reduce it, which is why it continued to represent a scourge for the formation of a sovereign country. Finally, when Peru granted suffrage to the illiterate, it was part of the democratizing current that swept through Latin America.
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Sufragio--Perú--Siglo XX, Reformas constitucionales--Perú, Analfabetos--Perú--Historia, Elecciones--Perú--Historia
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