Una interpretación constitucional de la protección al consumidor
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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Resumen
La protección al consumidor es uno de los aspectos más relevantes el desarrollo
del mercado. Constitucionalmente, obliga al Estado peruano a desarrollar
normativa e implementar instituciones orientadas a evitar que la asimetría
informativa entre lo consumidores y los proveedores genere el aprovechamiento
de los segundos sobre los primeros. Sin embargo, cuando dicha protección
excede los límites constitucionales, deja de convertirse en la defensa de los
intereses de los consumidores y puede transformarse en una forma de
paternalismo que, finalmente, afecta otros principios constitucionales, tales como
el de la dignidad humana.
Por este principio, el Estado no puede interferir en la autodeterminación de las
personas, la cual, a su vez, sustenta los demás derechos fundamentales que el
ordenamiento protege. En tanto dicha autodeterminación es el pilar fundamental
del constitucionalismo peruano, no cabe que sea lesionada por la protección al
consumidor. Ello implicaría que distintas secciones de la Constitución entran en
conflicto entre ellas, lo cual debe solucionarse bajo una interpretación armónica
y de concordancia práctica.
Con esos fines, existe al principio del consumidor razonable, el cual, como límite
a la protección al consumidor que actúa de forma poco diligente en sus
actividades de consumo, tiene más que un fundamento económico. Dicho
principio evita que la protección al consumidor se convierta en paternalismo,
eximiendo a los consumidores de las consecuencias de sus propios errores,
cuando estos no han sido inducidos por asimetría informativa, sino por su propia
autodeterminación.
Consumer protection is one of the most relevant aspects of market development. Constitutionally, it enforces the Peruvian State to develop regulations and implement institutions aimed at preventing the asymmetry of information between consumers and suppliers from taking advantage of the latter over the former. However, when such protection exceeds the constitutional limits, it ceases to be the defense of consumers' interests and can become a form of paternalism that ultimately affects other constitutional principles, such as human dignity. By this principle, the State cannot interfere in the self-determination of individuals, which, in turn, sustains the other fundamental rights protected by the legal system. As such self-determination is the fundamental pillar of Peruvian constitutionalism, it cannot be harmed by consumer protection. This would imply that different sections of the Constitution are in conflict with each other, which must be solved under a harmonic interpretation and practical concordance. For these purposes, there is the principle of the reasonable consumer, which, as a limit to the protection of consumers who act in an unduly diligent manner in their consumer activities, has more than an economic rationale. This principle prevents consumer protection from turning into paternalism, exempting consumers from the consequences of their own mistakes, when these have not been induced by information asymmetry, but by their own self-determination.
Consumer protection is one of the most relevant aspects of market development. Constitutionally, it enforces the Peruvian State to develop regulations and implement institutions aimed at preventing the asymmetry of information between consumers and suppliers from taking advantage of the latter over the former. However, when such protection exceeds the constitutional limits, it ceases to be the defense of consumers' interests and can become a form of paternalism that ultimately affects other constitutional principles, such as human dignity. By this principle, the State cannot interfere in the self-determination of individuals, which, in turn, sustains the other fundamental rights protected by the legal system. As such self-determination is the fundamental pillar of Peruvian constitutionalism, it cannot be harmed by consumer protection. This would imply that different sections of the Constitution are in conflict with each other, which must be solved under a harmonic interpretation and practical concordance. For these purposes, there is the principle of the reasonable consumer, which, as a limit to the protection of consumers who act in an unduly diligent manner in their consumer activities, has more than an economic rationale. This principle prevents consumer protection from turning into paternalism, exempting consumers from the consequences of their own mistakes, when these have not been induced by information asymmetry, but by their own self-determination.
Descripción
Palabras clave
Protección del consumidor--Legislación--Perú, Consumidores--Protección--Derecho, Usuarios--Protección--Derecho--Perú
Citación
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