Caracterización del género "Informe de auditoría": un abordaje desde el análisis del discurso
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo caracterizar el género informe de auditoría a
partir de un marco teórico que articula la teoría de Bajtín (caracterizó al género tanto en su
aspecto estructural como estilístico y temático), las reflexiones de la tradición retórica
(especialmente el ethos aristotélico) sobre los discursos sociales y los conceptos de polifonía y
escenas de enunciación de Maingueneau. El corpus consideró dos tipos de informes: de control
y de cumplimiento. El primero es importante porque incluye hallazgos, conclusiones y, en
algunas ocasiones, recomienda al auditor corregir situaciones detectadas; mientras que el
informe de cumplimiento determina el grado de conformidad de las acciones ejecutadas y los
criterios establecidos por la ley. Este enfoque permite deconstruir el discurso para revelar
significados implícitos, posturas institucionales y estrategias de legitimación, destacando la
credibilidad. La metodología empleada fue el análisis del discurso para lo cual observamos
elementos discursivos que fueron significativos para la caracterización genérica y retórica. Con
respecto a la enunciación identificamos escenas enunciativas y construcción del enunciatario,
ya que son elocuentes con respecto al ethos. Del mismo modo, las citas de autoridad y las
referencias al expediente contribuyen a configurar un tipo de ethos legal e institucional. En
cuanto a los resultados, con respecto a la caracterización del género observamos que la
estructura de los informes es estable y canónica, y recurre a la estructura típica del ámbito
jurídico, donde hay un problema, una narratio y una toma de posición por parte del auditor que
será defendida con el aporte de pruebas en la confirmatio. Con respecto al estilo, este también
es estable y tiende a la puesta en escena de un ethos legal, conocedor de las normativas
institucionales que utiliza un lenguaje especializado y técnico. Esto fortalece la imagen del
ethos como garante. En cuanto a lo temático, el informe está restringido al caso que audita y
destaca la construcción de una secuencia lógica orientada a demostrar la validez de la posición
del auditor. Con respecto a este tema hemos destacado que, en algunos casos, la secuencia
lógica es sólida y explícita mientras que en otros no resulta evidente el pasaje de ciertos datos
a determinadas conclusiones. En estos casos, el ethos apela a que el enunciatario confíe en su
palabra dado que este ethos ha mostrado ser garante de lo que dice a partir de su conocimiento
legal, técnico, institucional.
This research aimed to characterize the audit report genre using a theoretical framework that articulates Bakhtin's theory (which characterized the genre in terms of its structural, stylistic, and thematic aspects), reflections from the rhetorical tradition (especially the Aristotelian ethos) on social discourses, and Maingueneau's concepts of polyphony and scenes of enunciation. The corpus considered two types of reports: control and compliance. The former is important because it includes findings, conclusions, and, in some cases, recommends that the auditor correct detected situations; while the compliance report determines the degree of compliance of the actions taken with the criteria established by law. This approach allows us to deconstruct the discourse to reveal implicit meanings, institutional positions, and legitimation strategies, highlighting credibility. The methodology employed was discourse analysis, for which we observed discursive elements that were significant for the generic and rhetorical characterization. Regarding the enunciation, we identified enunciative scenes and the construction of the addressee, as they are eloquent with respect to the ethos. Similarly, the citations of authority and references to the file contribute to shaping a type of legal and institutional ethos. Regarding the results, with respect to the characterization of the genre, we observed that the structure of the reports is stable and canonical, and uses the typical structure of the legal field, where there is a problem, a narratio, and a position taken by the auditor, which will be defended with the provision of evidence in the confirmatio. Regarding the style, this is also stable and tends to showcase a legal ethos, familiar with institutional regulations, and using specialized and technical language. This strengthens the image of the ethos as guarantor. Regarding thematic aspects, the report is restricted to the case being audited and emphasizes the construction of a logical sequence aimed at demonstrating the validity of the auditor's position. Regarding this topic, we have highlighted that, in some cases, the logical sequence is solid and explicit, while in others, the transition from certain data to certain conclusions is not evident. In these cases, ethos appeals to the speaker to trust the speaker's word, given that this ethos has proven to guarantee what the speaker says based on their legal, technical, and institutional knowledge.
This research aimed to characterize the audit report genre using a theoretical framework that articulates Bakhtin's theory (which characterized the genre in terms of its structural, stylistic, and thematic aspects), reflections from the rhetorical tradition (especially the Aristotelian ethos) on social discourses, and Maingueneau's concepts of polyphony and scenes of enunciation. The corpus considered two types of reports: control and compliance. The former is important because it includes findings, conclusions, and, in some cases, recommends that the auditor correct detected situations; while the compliance report determines the degree of compliance of the actions taken with the criteria established by law. This approach allows us to deconstruct the discourse to reveal implicit meanings, institutional positions, and legitimation strategies, highlighting credibility. The methodology employed was discourse analysis, for which we observed discursive elements that were significant for the generic and rhetorical characterization. Regarding the enunciation, we identified enunciative scenes and the construction of the addressee, as they are eloquent with respect to the ethos. Similarly, the citations of authority and references to the file contribute to shaping a type of legal and institutional ethos. Regarding the results, with respect to the characterization of the genre, we observed that the structure of the reports is stable and canonical, and uses the typical structure of the legal field, where there is a problem, a narratio, and a position taken by the auditor, which will be defended with the provision of evidence in the confirmatio. Regarding the style, this is also stable and tends to showcase a legal ethos, familiar with institutional regulations, and using specialized and technical language. This strengthens the image of the ethos as guarantor. Regarding thematic aspects, the report is restricted to the case being audited and emphasizes the construction of a logical sequence aimed at demonstrating the validity of the auditor's position. Regarding this topic, we have highlighted that, in some cases, the logical sequence is solid and explicit, while in others, the transition from certain data to certain conclusions is not evident. In these cases, ethos appeals to the speaker to trust the speaker's word, given that this ethos has proven to guarantee what the speaker says based on their legal, technical, and institutional knowledge.
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Palabras clave
Análisis del discurso, Auditores--Ética profesional, Retórica