Texturas y geoquímica de elementos traza en minerales de mena del yacimiento de sulfuros masivos volcanogénicos de María Teresa, Huaral, Perú
Date
2022-06-14
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Abstract
Los yacimientos tipo sulfuro masivo volcanogénico (VMS) son una fuente importante de Zn,
Cu, Pb, Ag y Au y, además, pueden contener concentraciones relevantes de elementos como
In, Ge y Ga, considerados críticos por organismos internacionales debido a su gran demanda,
importancia económica y riesgo de suministro. A pesar de ello, son de interés marginal para la
mayoría de empresas mineras que operan en el país. En el presente trabajo de investigación se
ha desarrollado una caracterización petrográfica de la mineralización en el yacimiento VMS
de María Teresa en Huaral (Lima) como base para la determinación de la composición de
elementos mayoritarios, minoritarios y traza en esfalerita, galena, calcopirita y cobres grises.
Las mediciones de ablación láser acoplada a espectrometría de masas con fuente de plasma de
acoplamiento inductivo (LA-ICP-MS) indican que In y Ga se concentran principalmente en
esfalerita (rango intercuartil Q1-Q3 [RIC] de 4.39-79.4 ppm y hasta 415 ppm In, y RIC de
10.6-31.9 ppm y hasta 94.2 ppm Ga). La concentración de Ge es sistemáticamente baja en los
cuatro minerales analizados, a excepción de concentraciones localmente elevadas en
calcopirita de hasta 79.6 ppm. Las correlaciones entre concentraciones de elementos traza
sugieren que In y Ga se incorporaron a la red cristalina de la esfalerita a través de sustituciones
acopladas que involucran Cu y, de forma subordinada, también Sn y Ag. La disponibilidad de
Cu, favorecida en fluidos mineralizantes de relativamente alta temperatura (>300 °C), es, por
lo tanto, fundamental para el enriquecimiento de In y Ga en esfalerita. En cuerpos de sulfuro
masivo que han experimentado “zone refining”, la esfalerita más rica en In se forma dentro o
cerca de la zona de calcopirita en el núcleo del cuerpo. En María Tersa, los valores de In, Ge y
Ga son sub-económicos; sin embargo, el estudio de su distribución permitió determinar
vectores guía para la exploración de VMS.
Volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits are an important source of Zn, Cu, Pb, Ag, and Au, and may host relevant concentrations of elements such as In, Ge, and Ga, considered critical commodities by international organizations due to their high demand, economic importance and supply risk. Despite this, they are of marginal interest to most mining companies operating in the country. In this research, a petrographic characterization of the ore mineralization in the María Teresa VMS deposit has been developed as a base for major, minor and trace element composition determinations in sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, and fahlore. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) measurements indicate that In and Ga are mainly concentrated in sphalerite (interquartile range Q1-Q3 [IQR] 4.39-79.4 ppm and up to 415 ppm In, and IQR 10.6-31.9 ppm and up to 94.2 ppm Ga). Germanium contents are systematically low in the four analyzed minerals, except for locally elevated concentrations up to 79.6 ppm in chalcopyrite. Correlations between trace element contents suggest that In and Ga were incorporated in the sphalerite crystal lattice via coupled substitutions involving Cu, and subordinately also Sn and Ag. Availability of Cu, favored in hydrothermal fluids at relatively high-temperature (>300 °C), is therefore essential to In and Ga enrichment in sphalerite. In massive sulfide bodies that have undergone zone refining, the In-riches sphalerite occurs within or near the chalcopyrite zone in the core of the body. In Maria Teresa, the values of In, Ge and Ga are sub-economic; however, the study of its distribution allowed to determine vectoring elements that might be applied during exploration of VMS.
Volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits are an important source of Zn, Cu, Pb, Ag, and Au, and may host relevant concentrations of elements such as In, Ge, and Ga, considered critical commodities by international organizations due to their high demand, economic importance and supply risk. Despite this, they are of marginal interest to most mining companies operating in the country. In this research, a petrographic characterization of the ore mineralization in the María Teresa VMS deposit has been developed as a base for major, minor and trace element composition determinations in sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, and fahlore. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) measurements indicate that In and Ga are mainly concentrated in sphalerite (interquartile range Q1-Q3 [IQR] 4.39-79.4 ppm and up to 415 ppm In, and IQR 10.6-31.9 ppm and up to 94.2 ppm Ga). Germanium contents are systematically low in the four analyzed minerals, except for locally elevated concentrations up to 79.6 ppm in chalcopyrite. Correlations between trace element contents suggest that In and Ga were incorporated in the sphalerite crystal lattice via coupled substitutions involving Cu, and subordinately also Sn and Ag. Availability of Cu, favored in hydrothermal fluids at relatively high-temperature (>300 °C), is therefore essential to In and Ga enrichment in sphalerite. In massive sulfide bodies that have undergone zone refining, the In-riches sphalerite occurs within or near the chalcopyrite zone in the core of the body. In Maria Teresa, the values of In, Ge and Ga are sub-economic; however, the study of its distribution allowed to determine vectoring elements that might be applied during exploration of VMS.
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Yacimientos minerales, Minerales--Procesamiento, Mineralogía--Perú
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