La dualidad no regulada del Third Party Funding (TPF) en el arbitraje peruano: armonizando la libertad contractual con la integridad procesal
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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Resumen
La financiación por terceros (Third-Party Funding o TPF) se ha consolidado como
un mecanismo disruptivo y esencial en el arbitraje comercial y de inversiones,
aliviando los elevados costos que caracterizan a estos procesos y promoviendo
el acceso a la justicia. Sin embargo, la ausencia de regulación específica en el
ordenamiento peruano (como el Decreto Legislativo N° 1071) genera una
dualidad problemática: mientras se respeta la libertad contractual para su uso,
se introducen riesgos significativos a la integridad procesal. Este trabajo aborda
cómo la naturaleza de los contratos TPF, que esencialmente otorgan a un tercero
un interés económico directo en el laudo, choca con garantías fundamentales
como la imparcialidad e independencia de los árbitros y el principio de igualdad
de armas.
El objetivo central es sustentar un marco regulatorio dual que incorpore
"candados normativos" en el DL 1071 y los reglamentos de los centros de
arbitraje. La propuesta se enfoca en el deber de revelación obligatoria de la
existencia y la identidad del financiador, considerada la más adecuada por la
doctrina y los especialistas consultados, ya que permite el control de conflictos
de intereses sin comprometer innecesariamente la confidencialidad del acuerdo.
Además, se postula la implementación de un control de compliance (Verificación
Ex Ante por Centros y Ex Post por el Tribunal) para asegurar la licitud de los
fondos y restringir la influencia del financiador en la estrategia procesal,
garantizando así que el TPF promueva el acceso a la justicia y no sea fuente de
abuso.
Third-Party Funding (TPF) has become a disruptive and essential mechanism in commercial and investment arbitration, alleviating the high costs that characterize these processes and promoting access to justice. However, the lack of specific regulation in the Peruvian legal system (such as Legislative Decree N° 1071) creates a problematic duality: while contractual freedom for its use is respected, significant risks to procedural integrity are introduced. This work addresses how the nature of TPF contracts, which essentially grant a third party a direct economic interest in the award, clashes with fundamental guarantees such as the impartiality and independence of arbitrators and the principle of equality of arms. The central objective is to substantiate a dual regulatory framework that incorporates "normative safeguards" in the DL 1071 and the rules of arbitration centers. The proposal focuses on the mandatory disclosure requirement of the existence and identity of the funder, considered the most appropriate by doctrine and consulted specialists, as it allows for the control of conflicts of interest without unnecessarily compromising the confidentiality of the agreement. Furthermore, the implementation of a compliance control (Ex Ante Verification by Centers and Ex Post by the Tribunal) is proposed to ensure the legality of the funds and restrict the funder's influence on the procedural strategy, thus guaranteeing that TPF promotes access to justice and is not a source of abuse.
Third-Party Funding (TPF) has become a disruptive and essential mechanism in commercial and investment arbitration, alleviating the high costs that characterize these processes and promoting access to justice. However, the lack of specific regulation in the Peruvian legal system (such as Legislative Decree N° 1071) creates a problematic duality: while contractual freedom for its use is respected, significant risks to procedural integrity are introduced. This work addresses how the nature of TPF contracts, which essentially grant a third party a direct economic interest in the award, clashes with fundamental guarantees such as the impartiality and independence of arbitrators and the principle of equality of arms. The central objective is to substantiate a dual regulatory framework that incorporates "normative safeguards" in the DL 1071 and the rules of arbitration centers. The proposal focuses on the mandatory disclosure requirement of the existence and identity of the funder, considered the most appropriate by doctrine and consulted specialists, as it allows for the control of conflicts of interest without unnecessarily compromising the confidentiality of the agreement. Furthermore, the implementation of a compliance control (Ex Ante Verification by Centers and Ex Post by the Tribunal) is proposed to ensure the legality of the funds and restrict the funder's influence on the procedural strategy, thus guaranteeing that TPF promotes access to justice and is not a source of abuse.
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Arbitraje comercial, Conflicto de intereses, Arbitraje y laudo--Legislación--Perú, Derecho procesal--Perú
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