¿Quinta o última generación de las ONG? Una reflexión para el debate sobre el futuro del sector
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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Hace 35 años, David C. Korten publicó su propuesta de cuatro generaciones de Organizaciones No Gubernamentales Internacionales (ONGI).
En la presente investigación, se revisa, de manera descriptiva y analítica, en cuál de las cuatro generaciones se sitúan actualmente algunas de las más grandes e influyentes ONGI del mundo. Estas se diferencian de las ONG por su alcance específicamente internacional; es decir, operan más allá de las fronteras nacionales para abordar problemas globales, como el desarrollo, la ayuda humanitaria y los derechos humanos. La revisión se ha centrado en las ONGI más grandes e influyentes del mundo: World Vision, CARE, Plan International, Save the Children y Oxfam. Estas operan en 100 países, cuentan con aproximadamente 10 000 empleados y tienen un presupuesto de 1000 millones de dólares americanos.
El objetivo de la tesis es comprender la situación de las cinco principales
ONGI contrastando sus estrategias con seis variables establecidas por Korten: (i) definición del problema a solventar, (ii) período de tiempo, (iii) alcance, (iv) actor principal, (v) rol de la ONGI y (vi) orientación. Para ello, se presenta un marco conceptual y analítico de la cooperación internacional. Los hallazgos han determinado que tres de las cinco ONGI estudiadas se encuentran todavía en la tercera generación, una entre la segunda y tercera, y una en la cuarta. Esto demuestra que las ONGI no han podido transformarse hacia lo establecido por la academia 35 años atrás. Las ONGI, incluidas las que esta tesis estudia, se encuentran nuevamente cuestionadas ante su falta de relevancia, legitimidad e impacto. De la tesis se puede inferir la capacidad de cambio que puedan tener en la actualidad.
Thirty-five years ago, David C. Korten introduced his proposal of four generations of International Non-Governmental Organizations (INGOs). This research descriptively and analytically reviews the current positioning of some of the world's largest and most influential INGOs within these four generations. These INGOs differ from NGOs in their specifically international scope, operating beyond national borders to address global issues such as development, humanitarian aid, and human rights. The review focuses on the largest and most influential INGOs: World Vision, CARE, Plan International, Save the Children, and Oxfam. These organizations operate in 100 countries, employ approximately 10,000 people, and have a budget of 1 billion US dollars. The thesis aims to understand the status of these five major INGOs by contrasting their strategies against six variables established by Korten: (i) problem definition, (ii) time period, (iii) scope, (iv) main actor, (v) INGO role, and (vi) orientation. A conceptual and analytical framework of international cooperation is presented. The findings indicate that three of the five studied INGOs are still in the third generation, one is between the second and third generations, and one is in the fourth generation. This demonstrates that INGOs have not transformed according to academic expectations set 35 years ago. INGOs, including those studied in this thesis, are once again being questioned regarding their relevance, legitimacy, and impact. The thesis infers their current capacity for change.
Thirty-five years ago, David C. Korten introduced his proposal of four generations of International Non-Governmental Organizations (INGOs). This research descriptively and analytically reviews the current positioning of some of the world's largest and most influential INGOs within these four generations. These INGOs differ from NGOs in their specifically international scope, operating beyond national borders to address global issues such as development, humanitarian aid, and human rights. The review focuses on the largest and most influential INGOs: World Vision, CARE, Plan International, Save the Children, and Oxfam. These organizations operate in 100 countries, employ approximately 10,000 people, and have a budget of 1 billion US dollars. The thesis aims to understand the status of these five major INGOs by contrasting their strategies against six variables established by Korten: (i) problem definition, (ii) time period, (iii) scope, (iv) main actor, (v) INGO role, and (vi) orientation. A conceptual and analytical framework of international cooperation is presented. The findings indicate that three of the five studied INGOs are still in the third generation, one is between the second and third generations, and one is in the fourth generation. This demonstrates that INGOs have not transformed according to academic expectations set 35 years ago. INGOs, including those studied in this thesis, are once again being questioned regarding their relevance, legitimacy, and impact. The thesis infers their current capacity for change.
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Organizaciones no gubernamentales, Organismos internacionales, Cooperación internacional, Desarrollo económico