Análisis del régimen de enajenación indirecta de acciones en el Perú: el test del 10% y la atomización de transferencias indirectas
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Acceso al texto completo solo para la Comunidad PUCP
Resumen
El régimen de enajenación indirecta de acciones en Perú busca gravar las
ganancias de capital derivadas de la transferencia de acciones de holdings
extranjeros cuyo valor proviene mayoritariamente de activos peruanos. Sin
embargo, su eficacia se ve comprometida por el test del 10%, un umbral
cuantitativo que permite estrategias de atomización, es decir, la división de una
operación única en múltiples transferencias sucesivas por debajo de ese límite
para eludir el gravamen. Este fenómeno genera una brecha entre la forma legal
y la sustancia económica, erosionando la base imponible y afectando la equidad
tributaria.
El análisis revela que esta figura opera como una cláusula antielusiva específica
basada en una ficción legal, lo que limitaría la aplicación subsidiaria de la
Cláusula Antielusiva General de la Norma XVI a casos de abuso manifiesto.
Asimismo, se identifican limitaciones críticas en el control fiscal, principalmente
por asimetría informativa y la falta de reporte para operaciones no gravadas.
Para fortalecer el régimen, se proponen lineamientos técnicos como la adopción
de una regla de consolidación temporal (3-5 años) para evaluar transferencias
sucesivas y la implementación de una obligación de reporte integral. Estas
medidas, formuladas desde una perspectiva académica, buscan equilibrar la
eficacia recaudatoria con la seguridad jurídica, asegurando que el sistema
tributario peruano responda a los desafíos de la planificación fiscal internacional.
The indirect sale of shares regime in Peru, established in 2011, aims to tax capital gains derived from the transfer of shares in foreign holdings whose value originates predominantly from Peruvian assets. However, its effectiveness is compromised by the 10% test, a quantitative threshold that enables strategies of fragmentation—splitting a single transaction into multiple successive transfers below this limit to avoid taxation. This phenomenon creates a gap between legal form and economic substance, eroding the tax base and undermining fiscal equity. The analysis reveals that this mechanism functions as a specific anti-avoidance rule based on a legal fiction, limiting the subsidiary application of the General Anti-Avoidance Rule (GAAR) to cases of evident abuse. Furthermore, critical limitations in tax enforcement are identified, primarily due to information asymmetry and the lack of reporting requirements for non-taxable transactions. To strengthen the regime, technical guidelines are proposed, such as the adoption of a temporal consolidation rule (3–5 years) to assess successive transfers and the implementation of a comprehensive reporting obligation. These measures, framed from an academic perspective, seek to balance revenue effectiveness with legal certainty, ensuring that the Peruvian tax system responds to the challenges of international tax planning.
The indirect sale of shares regime in Peru, established in 2011, aims to tax capital gains derived from the transfer of shares in foreign holdings whose value originates predominantly from Peruvian assets. However, its effectiveness is compromised by the 10% test, a quantitative threshold that enables strategies of fragmentation—splitting a single transaction into multiple successive transfers below this limit to avoid taxation. This phenomenon creates a gap between legal form and economic substance, eroding the tax base and undermining fiscal equity. The analysis reveals that this mechanism functions as a specific anti-avoidance rule based on a legal fiction, limiting the subsidiary application of the General Anti-Avoidance Rule (GAAR) to cases of evident abuse. Furthermore, critical limitations in tax enforcement are identified, primarily due to information asymmetry and the lack of reporting requirements for non-taxable transactions. To strengthen the regime, technical guidelines are proposed, such as the adoption of a temporal consolidation rule (3–5 years) to assess successive transfers and the implementation of a comprehensive reporting obligation. These measures, framed from an academic perspective, seek to balance revenue effectiveness with legal certainty, ensuring that the Peruvian tax system responds to the challenges of international tax planning.
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Compraventa--Perú, Acciones (Bolsa)--Perú, Evasión de impuestos--Perú, Derecho tributario--Perú