Characterization of zeolite minerals in the Falchani lithium project, Macusani Volcanic Field, Puno, Peru
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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Resumen
El depósito volcanogénico de Li de Falchani en Perú alberga recursos significativos de Li y Cs.
Investigaciones previas identificaron zeolitas en las unidades mineralizadas. Esta tesis documenta
la mineralogía de muestras ricas en zeolitas de Falchani y discute las condiciones fisicoquímicas
de su formación y su potencial económico según su contenido en Li y Cs.
Los análisis de DRX identificaron un ensamble mineralógico compuesto por fases primarias
(feldespato, mica, cuarzo) y secundarias (arcillas, zeolitas, sílice amorfa). Las muestras se
clasifican en cinco tipos según su paragénesis de alteración dominante: i) zeolita, ii) zeolita +
esmectita/arcillas interestratificadas, iii) zeolia + esmectita/arcillas interestratificadas + caolinita,
iv) esmectita/arcillas interestratificadas dominante, y v) caolinita dominante.
La mordenita y la mutinaita son las zeolitas predominantes, mientras que la clinoptilolita y la
heulandita son minoritarias. Las zeolitas forman agregados radiales de cristales aciculares en
amígdalas, vetillas y espacios intersticiales dentro de una matriz hipocristalina brechada, así como
esferulitas y localmente cristales idiomorfos. Estas características sugieren un origen autigénico
durante la alteración del vidrio riolítico en condiciones de pH alto y actividad de sílice elevada.
Las muestras ricas en zeolitas presentan altos contenidos de Li (hasta 4,700 ppm; mediana 2,300
ppm) y Cs (hasta 9,600 ppm; mediana 6,600 ppm). Su enriquecimiento en Cs es diferencial con
respecto al resto de tipos mineralógicos, lo que sugiere que las zeolitas jugaron un papel clave en
el enriquecimiento de este metal. En cambio, los contenidos de Li son muy similares,
estadísticamente, entre las muestras pertenecientes a todos los tipos mineralógicos. Si bien esto
resalta que las muestras ricas en zeolitas son atractivas en cuanto a su potencial aporte al volumen
de mena, no las identifica claramente como minerales portadores de Li. Se requieren estudios más
especializados, como intercambio catiónico, para definir cuál es la expresión mineralógica del Li
dentro de las muestras ricas en zeolitas de Falchani.
The Falchani volcanogenic Li deposit in Peru hosts significant Li and Cs resources. Previous investigations identified zeolites within the mineralized units. This thesis documents the mineralogy of zeolite-rich samples from Falchani and discusses the physicochemical conditions of their formation and their economic potential based on their Li and Cs contents. XRD analyses identified a mineral assemblage composed of primary (feldspar, mica, quartz) and secondary (clays, zeolites, amorphous silica) phases. The samples are classified into five types based on their dominant alteration paragenesis: i) zeolite type; ii) zeolite + smectite/mixed-layer clay type; iii) zeolite + smectite/mixed-layer clay + kaolinite subgroup type; iv) smectite/mixedlayer clay dominant type; and v) kaolinite subgroup dominant type. The predominant zeolites are mordenite and mutinaite, while clinoptilolite and heulandite are minor. Zeolites form radial aggregates of acicular crystals in amygdales, veinlets, and interstitial spaces within a brecciated hypocrystalline matrix, as well as spherulites and local euhedral crystals. These characteristics suggest an authigenic origin during the alteration of rhyolitic glass under high pH and silica activity conditions. Zeolite-rich samples exhibit high contents of Li (up to 4,700 ppm; median 2,300 ppm) and Cs (up to 9,600 ppm; median 6,600 ppm). Their enrichment in Cs is differential compared to the other mineralogical types, which would suggest that zeolites played a key role in the enrichment of this metal. In contrast, Li contents are statistically very similar among samples belonging to all mineralogical types. While this highlights that zeolite-rich samples are attractive in terms of their potential contribution to the volume of extractable and processable ore, it does not clearly identify zeolites as Li host minerals. More specialized studies, such as cation exchange experiments, are required to define the mineralogical expression of Li within the zeolite-rich samples from Falchani.
The Falchani volcanogenic Li deposit in Peru hosts significant Li and Cs resources. Previous investigations identified zeolites within the mineralized units. This thesis documents the mineralogy of zeolite-rich samples from Falchani and discusses the physicochemical conditions of their formation and their economic potential based on their Li and Cs contents. XRD analyses identified a mineral assemblage composed of primary (feldspar, mica, quartz) and secondary (clays, zeolites, amorphous silica) phases. The samples are classified into five types based on their dominant alteration paragenesis: i) zeolite type; ii) zeolite + smectite/mixed-layer clay type; iii) zeolite + smectite/mixed-layer clay + kaolinite subgroup type; iv) smectite/mixedlayer clay dominant type; and v) kaolinite subgroup dominant type. The predominant zeolites are mordenite and mutinaite, while clinoptilolite and heulandite are minor. Zeolites form radial aggregates of acicular crystals in amygdales, veinlets, and interstitial spaces within a brecciated hypocrystalline matrix, as well as spherulites and local euhedral crystals. These characteristics suggest an authigenic origin during the alteration of rhyolitic glass under high pH and silica activity conditions. Zeolite-rich samples exhibit high contents of Li (up to 4,700 ppm; median 2,300 ppm) and Cs (up to 9,600 ppm; median 6,600 ppm). Their enrichment in Cs is differential compared to the other mineralogical types, which would suggest that zeolites played a key role in the enrichment of this metal. In contrast, Li contents are statistically very similar among samples belonging to all mineralogical types. While this highlights that zeolite-rich samples are attractive in terms of their potential contribution to the volume of extractable and processable ore, it does not clearly identify zeolites as Li host minerals. More specialized studies, such as cation exchange experiments, are required to define the mineralogical expression of Li within the zeolite-rich samples from Falchani.
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Zeolitas, Mineralogía, Litio--Perú
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