Impactos ambientales del derrame de petróleo en Ciudad Pachacútec, distrito de Ventanilla, costa central del Perú
Date
2024-09-09
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Abstract
El propósito de esta investigación es identificar los principales impactos
ambientales del derrame de petróleo ocurrido en Ventanilla (enero del 2022)
y evaluarlos a través de la percepción de los pescadores artesanales de
Ciudad Pachacútec mediante información cualitativa levantada en campo en
junio del 2022, enero del 2023 y junio del 2024. Para la recopilación de datos
se emplearon entrevistas semiestructuradas, revisión bibliográfica, transecto
a pie y registro fotográfico; todo ello bajo un enfoque interpretativo.
Ciudad Pachacútec está ubicada en la periferia norte de la capital, entre el
límite distrital de Ventanilla (Callao) y Santa Rosa (Lima). Este centro urbano
reviste un interés particular por sus problemas derivados del uso informal
del territorio, el manejo medioambiental inadecuado, la vulnerabilidad frente
a riesgos de desastres, el tráfico de tierras, la insuficiencia de infraestructura
de servicios básicos (BBC News Mundo, 2014; Sierra & Ortiz, 2012; Tomasto,
2017), y, últimamente, las consecuencias de la contaminación del mar.
Se identificaron impactos ambientales en los medios biótico, abiótico y
humano. Desde el primero, se generaron repercusiones que favorecieron la
degradación del hábitat, el desplazamiento de la fauna, la pérdida de
biodiversidad y alteración de la cadena trófica. Desde el segundo, los efectos
fueron la contaminación del mar y las alteraciones del paisaje, la calidad
ambiental y los ecosistemas marinos y costeros. Por último, los impactos
desfavorecieron a la comunidad local, especialmente, la que subsiste gracias
a la pesca y reside cerca al litoral. Las afectaciones fueron a la salud física y
mental, a la economía local y la seguridad alimentaria (Fernández, 2022;
Malpartida, 2022; Pulido, 2022; Pulido, 2023; Quevedo, 2022; Vasquez, 2022;
Velasquez, 2023). A través del marco conceptual de la Geografía de la Percepción y Geografía
del Comportamiento, la fundamentación teórica del riesgo, peligro y
vulnerabilidad, y la evaluación de impactos ambientales, se evidencia una
jerarquía de impactos donde la afectación económica es la más perjudicial de
acuerdo a los entrevistados, la misma que ha generado importantes cambios
en el sector pesquero artesanal y, en menor medida, en los comerciantes y
transportistas. En parte, la investigación expone la vulnerabilidad de los
pobladores de Ciudad Pachacútec frente a la reciente problemática
ambiental, la cual se suma a los problemas que el centro urbano viene
desarrollando desde sus inicios en 1988. Finalmente, el estudio concluye que
la percepción de ciertos individuos que desestiman los impactos de la
contaminación por derrame de petróleo contribuye en sustentar prácticas y
actitudes desfavorables que los exponen a repercusiones en la salud humana;
por ende, es imperativo ampliar la concienciación sobre sus efectos.
The purpose of this research is to identify the principal environmental impacts of the oil spill that occurred in Ventanilla (January 2022) and to assess these impacts through the perceptions of artisanal fishermen in Ciudad Pachacútec using qualitative information collected in the field in June 2022, January 2023, and June 2024. Data collection methods included semistructured interviews, literature review, walking transects, and photographic documentation, all under an interpretive framework. Ciudad Pachacútec is located on the northern periphery of the capital, between the district boundaries of Ventanilla (Callao) and Santa Rosa (Lima). This urban center is of particular interest due to issues arising from informal land use, inadequate environmental management, vulnerability to disaster risks, land trafficking, insufficient basic service infrastructure (BBC News Mundo, 2014; Sierra & Ortiz, 2012; Tomasto, 2017), and, more recently, the consequences of marine pollution. Environmental impacts were identified across biotic, abiotic, and human domains. In the biotic domain, repercussions included habitat degradation, displacement of wildlife, loss of biodiversity, and alteration of the food chain. In the abiotic domain, effects encompassed marine pollution, landscape alterations, changes in environmental quality, and disruptions to marine and coastal ecosystems. Finally, the impacts adversely affected the local community, particularly those reliant on fishing and residing near the coast. These impacts included physical and mental health issues, local economic disruptions, and threats to food security (Fernández, 2022; Malpartida, 2022; Pulido, 2022; Pulido, 2023; Quevedo, 2022; Vasquez, 2022; Velasquez, 2023). Through the conceptual framework of Perceptual Geography and Behavioral Geography, the theoretical foundations of risk, hazard, and vulnerability, and environmental impact assessment, a hierarchy of impacts is evident where economic damage is considered the most detrimental by the interviewees. This economic impact has led to significant changes in the artisanal fishing sector and, to a lesser extent, among traders and transporters. Part of the research highlights the vulnerability of Ciudad Pachacútec’s residents to recent environmental issues, which compound the challenges the urban center has faced since its inception in 1988. The study concludes that the perception of certain individuals who downplay the impacts of the oil spill pollution contributes to sustaining unfavorable practices and attitudes that expose them to adverse health repercussions; therefore, it is imperative to enhance awareness of these effects.
The purpose of this research is to identify the principal environmental impacts of the oil spill that occurred in Ventanilla (January 2022) and to assess these impacts through the perceptions of artisanal fishermen in Ciudad Pachacútec using qualitative information collected in the field in June 2022, January 2023, and June 2024. Data collection methods included semistructured interviews, literature review, walking transects, and photographic documentation, all under an interpretive framework. Ciudad Pachacútec is located on the northern periphery of the capital, between the district boundaries of Ventanilla (Callao) and Santa Rosa (Lima). This urban center is of particular interest due to issues arising from informal land use, inadequate environmental management, vulnerability to disaster risks, land trafficking, insufficient basic service infrastructure (BBC News Mundo, 2014; Sierra & Ortiz, 2012; Tomasto, 2017), and, more recently, the consequences of marine pollution. Environmental impacts were identified across biotic, abiotic, and human domains. In the biotic domain, repercussions included habitat degradation, displacement of wildlife, loss of biodiversity, and alteration of the food chain. In the abiotic domain, effects encompassed marine pollution, landscape alterations, changes in environmental quality, and disruptions to marine and coastal ecosystems. Finally, the impacts adversely affected the local community, particularly those reliant on fishing and residing near the coast. These impacts included physical and mental health issues, local economic disruptions, and threats to food security (Fernández, 2022; Malpartida, 2022; Pulido, 2022; Pulido, 2023; Quevedo, 2022; Vasquez, 2022; Velasquez, 2023). Through the conceptual framework of Perceptual Geography and Behavioral Geography, the theoretical foundations of risk, hazard, and vulnerability, and environmental impact assessment, a hierarchy of impacts is evident where economic damage is considered the most detrimental by the interviewees. This economic impact has led to significant changes in the artisanal fishing sector and, to a lesser extent, among traders and transporters. Part of the research highlights the vulnerability of Ciudad Pachacútec’s residents to recent environmental issues, which compound the challenges the urban center has faced since its inception in 1988. The study concludes that the perception of certain individuals who downplay the impacts of the oil spill pollution contributes to sustaining unfavorable practices and attitudes that expose them to adverse health repercussions; therefore, it is imperative to enhance awareness of these effects.
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Keywords
Derrame de petróleo--Perú--Ventanilla (Callao (Provincia Constitucional) : Distrito), Contaminación ambiental--Perú--Ventanilla (Callao (Provincia Constitucional) : Distrito)
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