El deber de motivación en el arbitraje peruano: análisis crítico del control judicial externo y de la ausencia de parámetros uniformes del deber de motivación
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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Resumen
El presente artículo analiza el contenido, alcance y problemas prácticos del
deber de motivación del laudo arbitral en el marco del sistema jurídico peruano.
A partir de los fundamentos constitucionales del derecho a la motivación de las
resoluciones y del Decreto Legislativo N° 1071, se examina si la normativa
arbitral peruana establece un estándar claro, uniforme y exigible de motivación.
El estudio incorpora además los criterios jurisprudenciales del Tribunal
Constitucional para distinguir entre motivación suficiente, motivación aparente y
motivación incongruente, estableciendo sus implicancias en la validez del
laudo.
El artículo también analiza el alcance del control judicial sobre la motivación de
los laudos, precisando que dicho control debe ser externo, mínimo y no
revisional, en atención al principio de autonomía arbitral. A través del examen
de precedentes de la Corte Suprema y de las Salas Comerciales de Lima, se
evidencia la existencia de criterios dispares respecto de cuándo la motivación
resulta insuficiente o aparente, lo que genera tensiones entre la tutela del
debido proceso y el respeto por la definitividad del laudo.
Asimismo, se identifican los principales vacíos y dificultades en la motivación
arbitral como las omisiones de pronunciamiento, contradicciones internas,
motivaciones genéricas y, sobre todo, la ausencia de parámetros uniformes que
orienten a árbitros y jueces sobre el estándar mínimo constitucionalmente
exigible. El trabajo concluye proponiendo la necesidad de construir un estándar
de motivación coherente, proporcionado y compatible con la naturaleza del
arbitraje, que incorpore los criterios constitucionales de razonabilidad,
coherencia y suficiencia, sin convertir el control de nulidad en una revisión del
fondo de la controversia.
This article analyzes the content, scope, and practical problems of the duty to provide reasons for arbitral awards within the Peruvian legal system. Based on the constitutional foundations of the right to reasoned decisions and Legislative Decree No. 1071, it examines whether Peruvian arbitration law establishes a clear, uniform, and enforceable standard of reasoning. The study also incorporates the jurisprudential criteria of the Constitutional Court to distinguish between sufficient, apparent, and inconsistent reasoning, establishing their implications for the validity of the award. The article also analyzes the scope of judicial review of the reasoning behind awards, specifying that such review should be external, minimal, and nonrevisional, in accordance with the principle of arbitral autonomy. Through an examination of precedents from the Supreme Court and the Commercial Courts of Lima, the existence of disparate criteria regarding when reasoning is insufficient or apparent is evident, generating tensions between the protection of due process and respect for the finality of the award. The study also identifies the main gaps and difficulties in arbitral reasoning, such as omissions in rulings, internal contradictions, generic justifications, and, above all, the lack of uniform parameters to guide arbitrators and judges on the minimum constitutionally required standard. The work concludes by proposing the need to construct a coherent, proportionate standard of reasoning compatible with the nature of arbitration, one that incorporates the constitutional criteria of reasonableness, coherence, and sufficiency, without transforming the review of annulment into a review of the merits of the dispute.
This article analyzes the content, scope, and practical problems of the duty to provide reasons for arbitral awards within the Peruvian legal system. Based on the constitutional foundations of the right to reasoned decisions and Legislative Decree No. 1071, it examines whether Peruvian arbitration law establishes a clear, uniform, and enforceable standard of reasoning. The study also incorporates the jurisprudential criteria of the Constitutional Court to distinguish between sufficient, apparent, and inconsistent reasoning, establishing their implications for the validity of the award. The article also analyzes the scope of judicial review of the reasoning behind awards, specifying that such review should be external, minimal, and nonrevisional, in accordance with the principle of arbitral autonomy. Through an examination of precedents from the Supreme Court and the Commercial Courts of Lima, the existence of disparate criteria regarding when reasoning is insufficient or apparent is evident, generating tensions between the protection of due process and respect for the finality of the award. The study also identifies the main gaps and difficulties in arbitral reasoning, such as omissions in rulings, internal contradictions, generic justifications, and, above all, the lack of uniform parameters to guide arbitrators and judges on the minimum constitutionally required standard. The work concludes by proposing the need to construct a coherent, proportionate standard of reasoning compatible with the nature of arbitration, one that incorporates the constitutional criteria of reasonableness, coherence, and sufficiency, without transforming the review of annulment into a review of the merits of the dispute.
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Arbitraje y laudo, Arbitraje--Legislación--Perú, Perú. Tribunal Constitucional--Jurisprudencia