La configuración de las “madres kukamas” del bajo Marañón en los derrames petroleros (2014-2022)
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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Existe un creciente interés académico y social en las organizaciones y los roles protagónicos
que están teniendo las mujeres indígenas frente a la contaminación producida por las
actividades extractivas, pero los estudios locales aún son escasos. La presente tesis busca
comprender cómo las mujeres que se autoidentifican como kukamas kukamirias asumieron
liderazgos y configuraron organizaciones en la comunidad de Cuninico y en la Federación de
Pueblos Cocamas Unidos del Marañón (FEDEPCUM) durante los derrames petroleros del
2014 y 2022 que afectaron la cuenca baja del río Marañón, en Loreto. Los derrames
producidos por las roturas del Oleoducto Norperuano contaminaron las fuentes de agua y los
cuerpos de las personas, y afectaron las labores de cuidado, los roles y las posiciones de las
mujeres. El análisis se realiza desde los conceptos de subjetividad y cuidado, abordados por
los estudios de género y la antropología amazónica, que contribuyen a explicar las
motivaciones y estrategias de las mujeres para organizarse a fin de lograr beneficios en favor
de sus familias y comunidades.
El estudio realizado fue etnográfico por lo que implicó trabajo de campo en Cuninico y en las
ciudades de Nauta e Iquitos mediante entrevistas, observación participante y revisión de
documentos estatales y académicos. El resultado de esta investigación explica cómo las
mujeres se organizaron apelando a su maternidad política y a su etnicidad (madres kukama,
nativas o indígenas) en un contexto de contaminación petrolera y de cuestionamiento a la
reivindicación identitaria del pueblo kukama kukamiria. Esto les permitió legitimar su
participación en los escenarios comunales y estatales, y plantear problemas y propuestas que
desafiaron las concepciones y medidas contenidas en las políticas de atención y reparación
que fueron implementadas por el Estado.
There is growing academic and social interest in the organizations and the leading roles of Indigenous women against pollution from extractive activities, but local studies on them are still scarce. This thesis seeks to understand how women self-identified as Kukama Kukamiria assumed leadership and configured organizations in the community of Cuninico and the Federation of United Cocama Peoples of Marañón (FEDEPCUM) during the 2014 and 2022 oil spills in the lower basin of the Marañón River in Loreto. The spills caused by the ruptures of the North Peruvian Oil Pipeline contaminated water sources and people's bodies. They also affected women's roles, positions, and care work. The analysis is conducted based on concepts of subjectivity and care, addressed by gender studies and Amazonian anthropology, to explain the women's motivations and strategies to organize themselves to achieve benefits for their families and communities. The ethnographic study involved fieldwork in the Cuninico community and Nauta and Iquitos cities through interviews, participant observation, and review of state and academic documents. This research shows how Kukama Kukamiria women organized themselves by appealing to their political motherhood and ethnicity (Kukama, native or indigenous mothers) in the context of oil contamination and the questioning of the identity claim of the Kukama Kukamiria people. That allowed them to legitimize their participation in communal and State settings and raise problems and proposals that challenged the conceptions and measures contained in the attention and remediation policies implemented by the State.
There is growing academic and social interest in the organizations and the leading roles of Indigenous women against pollution from extractive activities, but local studies on them are still scarce. This thesis seeks to understand how women self-identified as Kukama Kukamiria assumed leadership and configured organizations in the community of Cuninico and the Federation of United Cocama Peoples of Marañón (FEDEPCUM) during the 2014 and 2022 oil spills in the lower basin of the Marañón River in Loreto. The spills caused by the ruptures of the North Peruvian Oil Pipeline contaminated water sources and people's bodies. They also affected women's roles, positions, and care work. The analysis is conducted based on concepts of subjectivity and care, addressed by gender studies and Amazonian anthropology, to explain the women's motivations and strategies to organize themselves to achieve benefits for their families and communities. The ethnographic study involved fieldwork in the Cuninico community and Nauta and Iquitos cities through interviews, participant observation, and review of state and academic documents. This research shows how Kukama Kukamiria women organized themselves by appealing to their political motherhood and ethnicity (Kukama, native or indigenous mothers) in the context of oil contamination and the questioning of the identity claim of the Kukama Kukamiria people. That allowed them to legitimize their participation in communal and State settings and raise problems and proposals that challenged the conceptions and measures contained in the attention and remediation policies implemented by the State.
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Cocamas--Marañón, Río, Mujeres--Participación social, Derrame de petróleo--Aspectos ambientales--Marañón, Río, Liderazgo en mujeres
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