El límite del control judicial en el proceso de anulación de laudo arbitral por omisión del deber de declaración del árbitro
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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Resumen
El deber de revelación constituye una obligación, tanto legal como ética, recaída
sobre el árbitro desde el momento en que es propuesto o designado,
extendiéndose durante todo el proceso arbitral. Esta responsabilidad implica
informar cualquier circunstancia -sea de índole personal, profesional o
económica- que, desde una perspectiva razonable, pudiera suscitar dudas
justificadas respecto de su imparcialidad o independencia. Este deber cumple
una función esencial de carácter preventivo y orientada a la transparencia, pues
brinda a las partes la facultad de recusar al árbitro si existen motivos suficientes
que configuren parcialidad o dependencia.
Ahora bien, la problemática se suscita si es que el árbitro no informa un hecho,
ya sea por omisión involuntaria o porque considera que no debe informarlo, al no
ver afectada su imparcialidad e independencia, siendo que dicha consideración
del árbitro no puede ser entendida así por las partes, pues éstos pueden
considerar que el o los hechos no informados si debieron ser ventilados en el
proceso arbitral; y no solo ello, sino que la consideración del árbitro de no
informar un hecho debe ser juzgada si es que es introducida como causal de
anulación de laudo arbitral por una de las partes, si es que se impugna el laudo.
He ahí el conflicto de encontrar un criterio claro de como el Juez debe abordar y
solucionar la omisión del deber de revelación del árbitro, pues solo hay dos
soluciones: se estima la demanda anulando el laudo arbitral o se desestima
manteniendo los efectos jurídicos del laudo.
The duty of disclosure is a legal and ethical obligation incumbent upon the arbitrator from the moment of their nomination or appointment, extending throughout the entire arbitration process. This responsibility entails reporting any circumstance -whether personal, professional, or financial- that, from a reasonable perspective, could raise justifiable doubts regarding their impartiality or independence. This duty serves an essential preventive function aimed at transparency, as it empowers the parties to challenge the arbitrator if there are sufficient grounds to suggest bias or dependence However, a problem arises if the arbitrator fails to disclose a fact, either through unintentional omission or because they believe it is not necessary to disclose it, as it would not affect their impartiality and independence. This reasoning cannot be interpreted in the same way by the parties, who may argue that the undisclosed fact(s) should have been addressed in the arbitration proceedings. Furthermore, the arbitrator's decision not to disclose a fact must be judged if it is raised as grounds for annulment of the arbitral award by one of the parties, should the award be challenged. This is the crux of the conflict: finding a clear criterion for how the judge should address and resolve the arbitrator's failure to disclose, as there are only two solutions: either the claim is upheld, annulling the arbitral award, or it is dismissed, maintaining the legal effects of the award.
The duty of disclosure is a legal and ethical obligation incumbent upon the arbitrator from the moment of their nomination or appointment, extending throughout the entire arbitration process. This responsibility entails reporting any circumstance -whether personal, professional, or financial- that, from a reasonable perspective, could raise justifiable doubts regarding their impartiality or independence. This duty serves an essential preventive function aimed at transparency, as it empowers the parties to challenge the arbitrator if there are sufficient grounds to suggest bias or dependence However, a problem arises if the arbitrator fails to disclose a fact, either through unintentional omission or because they believe it is not necessary to disclose it, as it would not affect their impartiality and independence. This reasoning cannot be interpreted in the same way by the parties, who may argue that the undisclosed fact(s) should have been addressed in the arbitration proceedings. Furthermore, the arbitrator's decision not to disclose a fact must be judged if it is raised as grounds for annulment of the arbitral award by one of the parties, should the award be challenged. This is the crux of the conflict: finding a clear criterion for how the judge should address and resolve the arbitrator's failure to disclose, as there are only two solutions: either the claim is upheld, annulling the arbitral award, or it is dismissed, maintaining the legal effects of the award.
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Arbitraje y laudo, Derecho procesal civil--Legislación--Perú, Administración de justicia--Perú