Estudio de la diversidad de semillas y ácidos grasos de Plukenetia huayllabambana y Plukenetia volubilis (Sacha inchi) de la amazonía peruana
Date
2023-05-26
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Abstract
El estudio de la diversidad de las semillas y ácidos grasos de 21 muestras recolectadas
en las regiones de Amazonas, Huánuco, Junín, Loreto, San Martín y Ucayali, de las dos
principales especies cultivadas de sacha inchi en la Amazonía peruana, Plukenetia
huayllabambana y Plukenetia volubilis revela que su identificación y trazabilidad se
puede realizar teniendo en cuenta características morfológicas de las semillas, además
de las propiedades fisicoquímicas y perfiles de ácidos grasos de los aceites crudos. Los
análisis exploratorios de conglomerados y componentes principales realizados en las
semillas de P. huayllabambana y P. volubilis revelaron diferencias entre las dos especies.
El análisis de conglomerados en P. volubilis identificó cinco (05) agrupaciones que
representan la diversidad de las semillas en las regiones de Huánuco, Junín, Loreto, San
Martín y Ucayali. Los análisis de las propiedades fisicoquímicas en los 21 aceites crudos
cuyos rendimientos estuvieron entre 29,07 y 42,97 % mostraron según dendrograma y
análisis de componentes principales (PCA) cinco (05) agrupaciones de las cuales un (01)
conglomerado pertenece a P. huayllabambana. Correlaciones significativas se
encontraron entre la altitud de la zona productora con los contenidos de aceite crudo
obtenido por prensado y grasa total con solvente. Las evaluaciones de ácidos grasos en
los 21 aceites crudos de sacha inchi revelaron diferencias en su contenido de ácido
palmítico, ácido esteárico, ácido cis-vaccénico, ácido linoleico, ácido linolénico, ácido
eicosenoico, ácidos grasos saturados, ácidos grasos monoinsaturados, ácidos grasos
poliinsaturados y relación omega-3/omega-6. El estudio identificó, según la relación
omega-3/omega-6, semillas de sacha inchi con contenidos sobresalientes de omega-3,
con relaciones superiores a 1,70 en Amazonas (P. huayllabamabana), Huánuco y San
Martín (P. volubilis); relaciones intermedias entre 1,00 y 1,70 para San Martín, Junín,
Loreto, y Ucayali, todos correspondientes a P. volubilis; y relaciones menores a 1 en la
región San Martín (P. volubilis). El dendrograma y análisis de componentes principales
identificó tres (03) agrupaciones para las 11 variables evaluadas de ácidos grasos y sus
parámetros. Estas variables a través del análisis de conglomerados y componentes
principales, permitieron identificar la diversidad en los 21 aceites crudos de sacha inchi,
cinco (05) agrupaciones, identificando al conglomerado (V) como P. huayllambana de
los fundos de Cochamal de la región Amazonas, y los otros pertenecientes a P. volubilis.
Correlaciones de los ácidos grasos y sus parámetros con la altitud de la zona productora
revelaron correlaciones significativas con el ácido palmítico, cis-vaccénico, linolénico y la
relación omega-3/omega-6, sugiriendo fuertemente que su expresión es afectada por
su origen y factores ambientales durante el crecimiento y producción de semilla.
The study of seed and fatty acid diversity of 21 samples collected in the Peruvian Amazonian regions of Amazonas, Huanuco, Junin, Loreto, San Martin, and Ucayali, revealed that both identification and traceability can be performed taking into account morphological characteristics of the seeds, selected physicochemical properties, and fatty acid composition of the crude seed oils. The exploratory analysis of clusters and principal components using seeds of P. huayllabambana and P. volubilis revealed clear differences between the two species. Cluster analysis in P. volubilis identified five groups that represent the diversity of seeds from the regions of Huanuco, Junin, Loreto, San Martin, and Ucayali. Analysis of the physicochemical properties in the 21 crude oils, whose yields were between 29.07- 42.97%, showed according to dendrogram and principal component analysis, five clusters of which one of them belongs exclusively to P. huayllabambana. Significant correlations were found between the altitude of the production area and the yield of crude oil obtained by cold pressing and total fat extraction with solvent. Fatty acid profiles in the 21 crude sacha inchi oils revealed differences in their content of palmitic, stearic, cis-vaccenic, linoleic, linolenic, and eicosenoic acids, total saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and omega-3/omega-6 ratios. The study identified, based on omega-3/omega-6 ratios, sacha inchi seeds with outstanding omega-3 contents with ratios greater than 1.70 in Amazonas (P. huayllabambana), Huanuco and San Martin (P. volubilis). Intermediate relationships between 1.00 and 1.70 were found for San Martin, Junin, Loreto, and Ucayali, all corresponding to P. volubilis; and ratios of less than 1.00, in the San Martin region (P. volubilis). The dendrogram and principal component analysis identified three clusters for the 11 fatty acid variables evaluated. Cluster and principal component analysis, allowed the assignment of diversity in the 21 crude oils of sacha inchi into five groups, identifying cluster II exclusively as P. huayllabambana from the Cochamal farms of the Amazon region, and the remaining ones to P. volubilis. Analysis of fatty acid composition and associated parameters with the altitude of the area of origin revealed significant correlations with palmitic, cis-vaccenic and linolenic acids, and the omega-3/omega-6 ratios, strongly suggesting that their expression is affected by their geographical origin and the environmental factors present during development and seed production.
The study of seed and fatty acid diversity of 21 samples collected in the Peruvian Amazonian regions of Amazonas, Huanuco, Junin, Loreto, San Martin, and Ucayali, revealed that both identification and traceability can be performed taking into account morphological characteristics of the seeds, selected physicochemical properties, and fatty acid composition of the crude seed oils. The exploratory analysis of clusters and principal components using seeds of P. huayllabambana and P. volubilis revealed clear differences between the two species. Cluster analysis in P. volubilis identified five groups that represent the diversity of seeds from the regions of Huanuco, Junin, Loreto, San Martin, and Ucayali. Analysis of the physicochemical properties in the 21 crude oils, whose yields were between 29.07- 42.97%, showed according to dendrogram and principal component analysis, five clusters of which one of them belongs exclusively to P. huayllabambana. Significant correlations were found between the altitude of the production area and the yield of crude oil obtained by cold pressing and total fat extraction with solvent. Fatty acid profiles in the 21 crude sacha inchi oils revealed differences in their content of palmitic, stearic, cis-vaccenic, linoleic, linolenic, and eicosenoic acids, total saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and omega-3/omega-6 ratios. The study identified, based on omega-3/omega-6 ratios, sacha inchi seeds with outstanding omega-3 contents with ratios greater than 1.70 in Amazonas (P. huayllabambana), Huanuco and San Martin (P. volubilis). Intermediate relationships between 1.00 and 1.70 were found for San Martin, Junin, Loreto, and Ucayali, all corresponding to P. volubilis; and ratios of less than 1.00, in the San Martin region (P. volubilis). The dendrogram and principal component analysis identified three clusters for the 11 fatty acid variables evaluated. Cluster and principal component analysis, allowed the assignment of diversity in the 21 crude oils of sacha inchi into five groups, identifying cluster II exclusively as P. huayllabambana from the Cochamal farms of the Amazon region, and the remaining ones to P. volubilis. Analysis of fatty acid composition and associated parameters with the altitude of the area of origin revealed significant correlations with palmitic, cis-vaccenic and linolenic acids, and the omega-3/omega-6 ratios, strongly suggesting that their expression is affected by their geographical origin and the environmental factors present during development and seed production.
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Semillas, Sacha inchi, Aceites y grasas--Análisis
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