Actitudes de culpabilización hacia mujeres víctimas de violencia sexual por parte de jueces y juezas del distrito judicial de Huaura
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Acceso al texto completo solo para la Comunidad PUCP
Resumen
El sistema judicial es un ente clave en la lucha contra la violencia sexual; sin embargo, el paso
por este puede llegar a ser una experiencia revictimizante para muchas de las mujeres que
denuncian este tipo de violencia. La lentitud en los procesos, el constante cuestionamiento y la
culpabilización a la víctima tienen como resultado un estado de desconfianza hacia el mismo
sistema que las debería proteger. Esta situación genera menos denuncias y más impunidad. Por
este motivo, la presente investigación cualitativa busca visibilizar un problema latente en los
procesos judiciales: las actitudes de culpabilización hacia las mujeres víctimas de violencia
sexual por parte de jueces y juezas del distrito judicial de Huaura. La muestra estuvo
conformada por seis jueces y cuatro juezas de los ámbitos investigación preparatoria, familia,
juzgamiento, apelaciones y mixtos, con experiencia en casos de violencia sexual. Para esto, se
tomaron en cuenta tres ejes centrales para el análisis temático: el proceso de revictimización de
mujeres que denuncian violencia sexual, el concepto de víctima desde el Ciclo de la Violencia
y las manifestaciones de sexismo ambivalente. Los resultados revelaron la presencia de
actitudes de culpabilización basadas en la imagen de la víctima “ideal”, el sexismo
ambivalente, la cultura de violación y el desconocimiento del Ciclo de Violencia. En ese
sentido, las víctimas son vistas como culpables por no resistirse, no ser heterosexuales, no
denunciar de inmediato, sexualizarse o no mostrar vulnerabilidad, como ser madres o menores
de edad. Además, se evidenció la revictimización a las mujeres mediante la repetición
innecesaria de testimonios, falta de sensibilidad en el trato y demoras en el proceso. Sumado
a ello, las y los operadores de justicia no cuentan con la formación adecuada en enfoque de
género.
The judicial system is a key entity in the fight against sexual violence; However, going through this can become a re-victimizing experience for many of the women who report sexual violence. The slowness in the processes, the constant questioning and placing responsibility on the victim results in a state of distrust towards the same system that should protect them. This situation generates fewer reports and more impunity. For this reason, this qualitative research seeks to make visible a latent problem in judicial processes: blaming attitudes towards female victims of sexual violence by judges. The sample consisted of six male judges and four female judges from the areas of preliminary investigation, family, trial, appeals, and mixed courts, with experience in cases of sexual violence. For this, three central axes were taken into account for the thematic analysis: the process of revictimization of women who report sexual violence, the concept of victim from the Cycle of Violence and the manifestations of ambivalent sexism. The results revealed the presence of blaming attitudes based on the image of the “ideal” victim, ambivalent sexism, rape culture and ignorance of the Cycle of Violence. In that sense, victims are seen as guilty for not resisting, not being heterosexual, not immediately reporting, sexualizing themselves or not showing vulnerability, such as being mothers or minors. Furthermore, the re-victimization of women was evident through the unnecessary repetition of testimonies, lack of sensitivity in treatment and delays in the process. In addition to this, justice operators do not have adequate training in a gender perspective.
The judicial system is a key entity in the fight against sexual violence; However, going through this can become a re-victimizing experience for many of the women who report sexual violence. The slowness in the processes, the constant questioning and placing responsibility on the victim results in a state of distrust towards the same system that should protect them. This situation generates fewer reports and more impunity. For this reason, this qualitative research seeks to make visible a latent problem in judicial processes: blaming attitudes towards female victims of sexual violence by judges. The sample consisted of six male judges and four female judges from the areas of preliminary investigation, family, trial, appeals, and mixed courts, with experience in cases of sexual violence. For this, three central axes were taken into account for the thematic analysis: the process of revictimization of women who report sexual violence, the concept of victim from the Cycle of Violence and the manifestations of ambivalent sexism. The results revealed the presence of blaming attitudes based on the image of the “ideal” victim, ambivalent sexism, rape culture and ignorance of the Cycle of Violence. In that sense, victims are seen as guilty for not resisting, not being heterosexual, not immediately reporting, sexualizing themselves or not showing vulnerability, such as being mothers or minors. Furthermore, the re-victimization of women was evident through the unnecessary repetition of testimonies, lack of sensitivity in treatment and delays in the process. In addition to this, justice operators do not have adequate training in a gender perspective.
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Culpa--Aspectos psicológicos, Violencia contra la mujer--Perú--Huaura (Lima : Provincia), Jueces--Administración de justicia--Perú--Huaura (Lima : Provincia)
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