Los onaya, espíritus y otros mundos: caminos de sanación en el chamanismo shipibo-konibo contemporáneo
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Acceso al texto completo solo para la Comunidad PUCP
Resumen
La presente investigación analiza el proceso de formación, sanación y adaptación contemporánea de
los médicos ancestrales (onaya) del pueblo shipibo-konibo, a partir del estudio de caso de la familia
Tangoa en la provincia de Coronel Portillo - Ucayali - Perú. El análisis etnográfico revela un sistema
médico complejo, cuya ontología relacional aborda integralmente las dimensiones física, mental,
social y espiritual.
El proceso formativo y el proceso de sanación se establecen en torno a la dieta o sama, un dispositivo
ritual de purificación, disciplina y transformación que permite establecer vínculos de reciprocidad
con los espíritus de las plantas (ibo). A través de los sueños y las visiones, espacios centrales del
aprendizaje, tanto aprendices como pacientes acceden a un conocimiento en el cual aprender y sanar
constituyen procesos inseparables. Este tránsito facilita una transformación ontológica que
reconfigura la perspectiva de la persona: en el aprendiz, habilita la capacidad de mediar entre distintos
planos de la realidad; y en el paciente, permite modelar su cosmovisión, ampliando su comprensión
de la enfermedad y de su propio proceso de sanación.
La medicina shipibo-konibo mantiene su vigencia gracias a su permeabilidad ontológica, que permite
integrar diversas epistemologías y responder de forma adaptativa a fenómenos como la globalización,
el turismo chamánico y la mercantilización de la ayahuasca. Evidenciando la capacidad de agencia,
que establece puentes entre lo ancestral y la ciencia moderna, sin renunciar a su estructura
cosmológica. En este escenario, la familia Tangoa emerge como un modelo de continuidad,
resistencia y resiliencia cultural, sosteniendo los valores éticos y espirituales de la práctica médica
ancestral. Su labor demuestra que la medicina shipibo-konibo no sobrevive, sino que se renueva y
dialoga con otros sistemas de conocimiento, sirviendo de espacio para repensar la interculturalidad
en salud así como la condición humana y sus múltiples formas de habitar y sanar en el mundo
contemporáneo.
This research examines the processes of training, healing, and contemporary adaptation of the ancestral physicians (onaya) of the Shipibo-Konibo people, based on a case study of the Tangoa family in the province of Coronel Portillo, Ucayali, Peru. The ethnographic analysis reveals a complex medical system whose relational ontology addresses the physical, mental, social, and spiritual dimensions of health in an integrated manner. Both the formative process and the healing process are structured around the dieta or sama, a ritual device of purification, discipline, and transformation that establishes reciprocal relationships with the spirits of the plants (ibo). Through dreams and visions, central spaces of learning, both apprentices and patients access a form of knowledge in which learning and healing are inseparable processes. This process facilitates an ontological transformation that reconfigures the person’s perspective: for the apprentice, it enables the capacity to mediate between different planes of reality; and for the patient, it helps reshape their worldview, expanding their understanding of illness and of their own healing process. The Shipibo-Konibo medical system maintains its vitality through its ontological permeability, which allows it to integrate diverse epistemologies and adapt to phenomena such as globalization, ayahuasca tourism, and the commodification of indigenous healing practices. This adaptability reflects a strong capacity for agency, building bridges between ancestral knowledge and modern science without relinquishing its cosmological foundations. Within this context, the Tangoa family emerges as a model of continuity, resistance, and cultural resilience, upholding the ethical and spiritual values of ancestral medical practice. Their work demonstrates that Shipibo-Konibo medicine does not merely endure; it renews itself and engages in dialogue with other knowledge systems, offering a space from which to rethink intercultural health as well as the human condition and the diverse ways of inhabiting and healing in the contemporary world.
This research examines the processes of training, healing, and contemporary adaptation of the ancestral physicians (onaya) of the Shipibo-Konibo people, based on a case study of the Tangoa family in the province of Coronel Portillo, Ucayali, Peru. The ethnographic analysis reveals a complex medical system whose relational ontology addresses the physical, mental, social, and spiritual dimensions of health in an integrated manner. Both the formative process and the healing process are structured around the dieta or sama, a ritual device of purification, discipline, and transformation that establishes reciprocal relationships with the spirits of the plants (ibo). Through dreams and visions, central spaces of learning, both apprentices and patients access a form of knowledge in which learning and healing are inseparable processes. This process facilitates an ontological transformation that reconfigures the person’s perspective: for the apprentice, it enables the capacity to mediate between different planes of reality; and for the patient, it helps reshape their worldview, expanding their understanding of illness and of their own healing process. The Shipibo-Konibo medical system maintains its vitality through its ontological permeability, which allows it to integrate diverse epistemologies and adapt to phenomena such as globalization, ayahuasca tourism, and the commodification of indigenous healing practices. This adaptability reflects a strong capacity for agency, building bridges between ancestral knowledge and modern science without relinquishing its cosmological foundations. Within this context, the Tangoa family emerges as a model of continuity, resistance, and cultural resilience, upholding the ethical and spiritual values of ancestral medical practice. Their work demonstrates that Shipibo-Konibo medicine does not merely endure; it renews itself and engages in dialogue with other knowledge systems, offering a space from which to rethink intercultural health as well as the human condition and the diverse ways of inhabiting and healing in the contemporary world.
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Médicos indígenas--Perú-- Coronel Portillo (Ucayali : Provincia), Antropología médica--Perú-- Coronel Portillo (Ucayali : Provincia), Chamanismo--Perú-- Coronel Portillo (Ucayali : Provincia)--Siglo XXI, Ontología--Perú-- Coronel Portillo (Ucayali : Provincia)--Siglo XXI, Shipibo-Conibo--Perú-- Coronel Portillo (Ucayali : Provincia)--Siglo XXI
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