Consulta previa y pueblos indígenas en el caso Moyobamba– Iquitos: análisis crítico de la Sentencia 461/2023 del Tribunal Constitucional del Perú
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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El presente artículo analiza críticamente la Sentencia del Pleno N.º 461/2023 del
Tribunal Constitucional del Perú, vinculada al proyecto de instalación de la Línea de
Transmisión Eléctrica de 220 kV que conecta Moyobamba con Iquitos, dentro del cual
se cuestionó la omisión del Estado de la realización del procedimiento de consulta
previa dirigido a los pueblos indígenas que podrían resultar impactados por la
implementación de dicho proyecto. El estudio aborda como problema central la
compatibilidad de dicha sentencia con los estándares internacionales sobre
oportunidad, obligatoriedad y efectividad derivados del marco normativo y
jurisprudencial que regula la consulta previa, integrado por el Convenio 169 de la OIT,
la Constitución peruana, la Ley N.º 29785 y los criterios desarrollados por la Corte
Interamericana de Derechos Humanos.
Tomando como punto de partida el examen detallado de los argumentos expuestos
por el Tribunal, se evidencia que, si bien se admite de manera explícita que la consulta
previa constituye un derecho de carácter fundamental, la manera en que este derecho
es interpretado termina siendo limitada y centrada en aspectos meramente
procedimentales al supeditar su exigibilidad a una afectación directa y al declararse
sin materia por la ejecución concluida del proyecto. Esta forma de aproximarse al
derecho reduce el nivel de resguardo otorgado a las comunidades y disminuye la
capacidad del sistema para anticipar y evitar futuros conflictos socioambientales.
En suma, el fallo 461/2023 implica un avance regresivo en la evolución del derecho a
la consulta previa, pues no incorpora herramientas sólidas que aseguren su
cumplimiento ni aplica un control de convencionalidad capaz de corregir omisiones
estatales. El artículo propone la necesidad de fortalecer una jurisprudencia
constitucional intercultural y de cumplimiento obligatorio, que reconozca la consulta
previa como una herramienta esencial de gobernanza democrática y justicia
ambiental.
This article offers a critical analysis of Plenary Judgment No. 461/2023 issued by the Peruvian Constitutional Tribunal, concerning the project for the installation of the 220 kV Electric Transmission Line connecting Moyobamba and Iquitos. In this case, the State was challenged for having omitted the prior consultation procedure required for Indigenous Peoples who could be affected by the implementation of said project. The study identifies as its central problem the compatibility of the judgment with international standards on timeliness, mandatory nature, and effectiveness, as derived from the normative and jurisprudential framework governing prior consultation— comprising ILO Convention No. 169, the Peruvian Constitution, Law No. 29785, and the criteria developed by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. Based on a detailed examination of the arguments put forward by the Tribunal, the analysis shows that although the ruling explicitly acknowledges prior consultation as a fundamental right, its interpretation is ultimately narrow and focused on merely procedural aspects. This is reflected in the requirement of direct affectation for its enforceability and in the declaration of mootness due to the project’s completion. This approach diminishes the level of protection granted to Indigenous communities and weakens the system’s ability to anticipate and prevent future socio-environmental conflicts. In sum, Judgment 461/2023 represents a regressive step in the development of the right to prior consultation, as it fails to incorporate robust mechanisms to ensure compliance and does not apply a control of conventionality capable of addressing State omissions. The article argues for the need to strengthen an intercultural and binding constitutional jurisprudence that recognizes prior consultation as an essential instrument for democratic governance and environmental justice.
This article offers a critical analysis of Plenary Judgment No. 461/2023 issued by the Peruvian Constitutional Tribunal, concerning the project for the installation of the 220 kV Electric Transmission Line connecting Moyobamba and Iquitos. In this case, the State was challenged for having omitted the prior consultation procedure required for Indigenous Peoples who could be affected by the implementation of said project. The study identifies as its central problem the compatibility of the judgment with international standards on timeliness, mandatory nature, and effectiveness, as derived from the normative and jurisprudential framework governing prior consultation— comprising ILO Convention No. 169, the Peruvian Constitution, Law No. 29785, and the criteria developed by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. Based on a detailed examination of the arguments put forward by the Tribunal, the analysis shows that although the ruling explicitly acknowledges prior consultation as a fundamental right, its interpretation is ultimately narrow and focused on merely procedural aspects. This is reflected in the requirement of direct affectation for its enforceability and in the declaration of mootness due to the project’s completion. This approach diminishes the level of protection granted to Indigenous communities and weakens the system’s ability to anticipate and prevent future socio-environmental conflicts. In sum, Judgment 461/2023 represents a regressive step in the development of the right to prior consultation, as it fails to incorporate robust mechanisms to ensure compliance and does not apply a control of conventionality capable of addressing State omissions. The article argues for the need to strengthen an intercultural and binding constitutional jurisprudence that recognizes prior consultation as an essential instrument for democratic governance and environmental justice.
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Tribunales constitucionales--Perú, Consulta previa (Derecho internacional), Pueblos indígenas--Perú--Iquitos (Loreto : Distrito), Pueblos indígenas--Perú--Moyobamba (San Martín : Provincia)
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