Del rezago normativo a la equidad fiscal: propuesta de reforma tributaria para los libros interactivos en el Perú
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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Resumen
El presente artículo analiza el tratamiento tributario de los libros interactivos en
el Perú y las implicancias de su calificación como “servicios” sujetos al Impuesto
General a las Ventas (IGV) sea quien sea el adquirente y, como “servicios
digitales” sujetos a una retención del Impuesto a la Renta (IR) del 30%1cuando
éstos son adquiridos por un contribuyente generador de rentas empresariales.
Aunque las leyes del libro —Ley N.º 28086, Ley N.º 31053 y su prórroga dada
mediante la Ley N.º 31893— exoneran del IGV a los libros físicos y del IR a las
regalías de los autores, la Superintendencia Nacional de Aduanas y de
Administración Tributaria (SUNAT), a través de sus Informes N.º 013 y N.º 062-
2024, ha interpretado que los libros interactivos no califican como bienes
exonerados del IGV, sino como servicios digitales gravados. Esta interpretación
ha generado – como consecuencia - una doble carga impositiva (IGV + retención
del 30 % de IR) que encarece su acceso y evidencia un rezago normativo frente
a la transformación digital del sector editorial, y que abiertamente
desproporcional frente a la venta de libros físicos, donde no hay IGV, ni tampoco
hay retención de IR.
El artículo examina los principios constitucionales de equidad, capacidad
contributiva, igualdad ante la ley y neutralidad tecnológica, concluyendo que el
tratamiento actual vulnera estos principios al establecer un trato desigual entre
libros impresos y digitales con igual finalidad cultural. Asimismo, se revisan
experiencias comparadas —como España, Reino Unido, México y Estados
Unidos— donde las reformas recientes han eliminado o reducido el IVA a los
libros electrónicos, consolidando la neutralidad fiscal entre formatos.
Finalmente, se propone una reforma tributaria con enfoque tecnológico y
educativo que garantice la neutralidad fiscal, la exoneración permanente del IGV
a todos los formatos editoriales, incentivos al desarrollo de contenidos digitales
educativos y una revisión integral del IR aplicable a la economía digital cultural.
Esta reforma busca alinear la política tributaria con los fines constitucionales de
promoción de la lectura, la cultura y la educación en la era digital.
This article examines the tax treatment of interactive books in Peru and the implications of their classification as digital services subject to the General Sales Tax (IGV) and the Income Tax (IR). Although the Peruvian Book Laws, Law No. 28086, Law No. 31053, and its extension under Law No. 31893, exempt printed books and authors’ royalties from IGV and IR, the National Superintendence of Customs and Tax Administration (SUNAT), through Reports No. 013-2024 and No. 062-2024, has ruled that interactive books do not qualify as exempt goods but rather as taxable digital services. This interpretation results in a double tax burden (IGV plus a 30% withholding of IR) that increases their final cost and reveals a regulatory gap in adapting tax law to the digital transformation of the publishing industry. The paper analyzes constitutional tax principles such as equity, ability to pay, equality before the law, and technological neutrality, concluding that the current framework violates these principles by creating unequal treatment between printed and digital books that share the same cultural purpose. It also presents comparative experiences from countries such as Spain, the United Kingdom, Mexico, and the United States, where recent reforms have eliminated or reduced VAT on electronic books, ensuring fiscal neutrality across formats. Finally, the study proposes a tax reform with a technological and educational focus aimed at guaranteeing fiscal neutrality, permanent IGV exemption for all publishing formats, tax incentives for the development of educational digital content, and a comprehensive review of the IR applicable to cultural digital transactions. This reform seeks to align Peru’s tax policy with the constitutional objectives of promoting reading, culture, and education in the digital age.
This article examines the tax treatment of interactive books in Peru and the implications of their classification as digital services subject to the General Sales Tax (IGV) and the Income Tax (IR). Although the Peruvian Book Laws, Law No. 28086, Law No. 31053, and its extension under Law No. 31893, exempt printed books and authors’ royalties from IGV and IR, the National Superintendence of Customs and Tax Administration (SUNAT), through Reports No. 013-2024 and No. 062-2024, has ruled that interactive books do not qualify as exempt goods but rather as taxable digital services. This interpretation results in a double tax burden (IGV plus a 30% withholding of IR) that increases their final cost and reveals a regulatory gap in adapting tax law to the digital transformation of the publishing industry. The paper analyzes constitutional tax principles such as equity, ability to pay, equality before the law, and technological neutrality, concluding that the current framework violates these principles by creating unequal treatment between printed and digital books that share the same cultural purpose. It also presents comparative experiences from countries such as Spain, the United Kingdom, Mexico, and the United States, where recent reforms have eliminated or reduced VAT on electronic books, ensuring fiscal neutrality across formats. Finally, the study proposes a tax reform with a technological and educational focus aimed at guaranteeing fiscal neutrality, permanent IGV exemption for all publishing formats, tax incentives for the development of educational digital content, and a comprehensive review of the IR applicable to cultural digital transactions. This reform seeks to align Peru’s tax policy with the constitutional objectives of promoting reading, culture, and education in the digital age.
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Libros electrónicos--Perú, Impuesto general a las ventas--Perú, Libros--Legislación--Perú, Reforma tributaria--Perú
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item.page.endorsement
item.page.review
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