El factor de iliquidez de Pástor y Stambaugh en el costo del capital: aplicación de un modelo de factores para el mercado bursátil peruano
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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Resumen
El costo de capital, esencial en la mayoría de las decisiones de inversión, ha sido
objeto de un intenso debate sobre su calculo óptimo durante las últimas décadas.
Se identifica que, tradicionalmente, el modelo CAPM ha prevalecido en la préctica
financiera peruana. No obstante, en la literatura reciente se ha identificado limitaciones
en su capacidad para capturar todas las fuentes de riesgo sistemático. El presente
trabajo expande el modelo multifactorial de Fama y French (1993) al incorporar un
cuarto factor: la iliquidez, basado en la investigación de Pástor y Stambaugh (2003).
En Perú, la naturaleza ilíquida de muchos activos se hace evidente, por lo que esta
adición podría resultar ser particularmente relevante. Mediante el uso de datos de
la Bolsa de Valores de Lima, de 2013 a 2023 (10 años), se desarrolla y valida este
modelo extendido. Se partió de la premisa de intentar elaborar un modelo que
permita una estimación más precisa del costo de capital, especialmente en empresas
de menor escala e ilíquidas, proporcionando una herramienta más adecuada para la
valoración de activos y decisiones de inversión en el contexto peruano.
Los resultados del análisis muestran que, aunque los factores de tamaño y valor
no son estadísticamente significativos, el factor de mercado y de iliquidez sí tienen un
impacto relevante en la determinación del costo de capital. El comportamiento del
factor de iliquidez revela la dinámica entre la sensibilidad de los activos a la liquidez y
sus retornos. Cuando el mercado es más líquido (LIQ > 0), las acciones más sensibles
ante cambios en la liquidez agregada tienden a ofrecer mayores retornos, ya que los
inversionistas están dispuestos a asumir más riesgo en este entorno, beneficiándose
del aumento en la liquidez. En contraste, en un mercado menos líquido (LIQ < 0),
los inversionistas prefieren activos más seguros y menos volátiles, lo que se traduce
en mayores retornos para las acciones menos sensibles a la liquidez. Este patrón
refleja cómo los cambios en la liquidez del mercado influyen en el retorno esperado
de los activos, poniendo en evidencia que el factor de iliquidez es clave para entender
las decisiones de inversión en el mercado bursátil peruano.
The cost of capital, essential in most investment decisions, has been the subject of intense debate on its optimal calculation during the last decades. It is identified that, traditionally, the CAPM model has prevailed in Peruvian financial practice. However, recent literature has identified limitations in its ability to capture all sources of systematic risk. This investigation expands the multifactor model of Fama and French (1993) by incorporating a fourth factor: illiquidity, based on the research of Pástor and Stambaugh (2003). In Peru, the illiquid nature of many assets is evident, so this addition may prove to be particularly relevant. Using data from the Lima Stock Exchange from 2013 to 2023 (10 years), this extended model is developed and validated. The starting premise was to try to develop a model that allows a more accurate estimation of the cost of capital, especially in smaller scale and illiquid companies, providing a more adequate tool for asset valuation and investment decisions in the Peruvian context. The results of the analysis show that, although the size and value factors are not statistically significant, the market and illiquidity factors do have a relevant impact on the determination of the cost of capital. The behavior of the illiquidity factor reveals the dynamics between the sensitivity of assets to liquidity and their returns. When the market is more liquid (LIQ > 0), stocks more sensitive to changes in aggregate liquidity tend to offer higher returns, as investors are willing to take on more risk in this environment, benefiting from increased liquidity. In contrast, in a less liquid market (LIQ <0), investors prefer safer and less volatile assets, resulting in higher returns for less liquidity-sensitive stocks. This pattern reflects how changes in market liquidity influence the expected return of assets, highlighting that the illiquidity factor is key to understanding investment decisions in the Peruvian stock market.
The cost of capital, essential in most investment decisions, has been the subject of intense debate on its optimal calculation during the last decades. It is identified that, traditionally, the CAPM model has prevailed in Peruvian financial practice. However, recent literature has identified limitations in its ability to capture all sources of systematic risk. This investigation expands the multifactor model of Fama and French (1993) by incorporating a fourth factor: illiquidity, based on the research of Pástor and Stambaugh (2003). In Peru, the illiquid nature of many assets is evident, so this addition may prove to be particularly relevant. Using data from the Lima Stock Exchange from 2013 to 2023 (10 years), this extended model is developed and validated. The starting premise was to try to develop a model that allows a more accurate estimation of the cost of capital, especially in smaller scale and illiquid companies, providing a more adequate tool for asset valuation and investment decisions in the Peruvian context. The results of the analysis show that, although the size and value factors are not statistically significant, the market and illiquidity factors do have a relevant impact on the determination of the cost of capital. The behavior of the illiquidity factor reveals the dynamics between the sensitivity of assets to liquidity and their returns. When the market is more liquid (LIQ > 0), stocks more sensitive to changes in aggregate liquidity tend to offer higher returns, as investors are willing to take on more risk in this environment, benefiting from increased liquidity. In contrast, in a less liquid market (LIQ <0), investors prefer safer and less volatile assets, resulting in higher returns for less liquidity-sensitive stocks. This pattern reflects how changes in market liquidity influence the expected return of assets, highlighting that the illiquidity factor is key to understanding investment decisions in the Peruvian stock market.
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Finanzas, Estados financieros, Liquidez (Economía)--Perú, Mercado de capitales
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