Aumentos de Capital con fines dilutivos: Análisis, cuestionamiento y remedios en el derecho peruano
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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Resumen
El trabajo aborda el problema de los aumentos de capital en sociedades
anónimas con la aparente finalidad de diluir la participación de los accionistas
minoritarios, un fenómeno que puede vulnerar el principio de lealtad y el interés
social. Si bien la Ley General de Sociedades del Perú (LGS) permite estos
aumentos, su uso abusivo por parte de accionistas mayoritarios con poder de
control puede afectar gravemente la estructura societaria, al alterar
injustificadamente la distribución accionaria.
El caso se enmarca en un contexto normativo donde, a pesar de la exigencia de
cumplir con procedimientos formales para modificar el estatuto y aumentar el
capital (arts. 198°, 201° y 202° LGS), se identifican vacíos legales y
ambigüedades sobre cómo sancionar acuerdos adoptados con fines dilutivos
que perjudican a los minoritarios. Instrumentos normativos clave incluyen,
además de los artículos mencionados, los arts. 139° y 150° de la LGS para la
impugnación y nulidad de acuerdos, respectivamente, así como criterios
jurisprudenciales extranjeros (como la SAP B 12955/2019 de España) que
ofrecen estándares sobre razonabilidad, necesidad y lealtad en estas decisiones.
Las principales conclusiones son: (i) no todo aumento de capital es abusivo, pero
debe analizarse su justificación económica real; (ii) si la medida no responde a
una necesidad razonable y beneficia indebidamente al socio mayoritario, vulnera
el interés social; y (iii) este tipo de acuerdos debe impugnarse por la vía del
artículo 139° LGS, al tratarse de conflictos internos que requieren una protección
reforzada para los socios minoritarios.
The paper addresses the problem of capital increases in public limited companies with the apparent purpose of diluting the participation of minority shareholders, a phenomenon that can violate the principle of loyalty and social interests. If the General Law of Societies of Peru (LGS) allows these increases, their abusive use by majority shareholders with control power could seriously affect the corporate structure, or unjustifiably alter the shareholding distribution. The case is framed in a normative context where, despite the requirement to comply with formal procedures to modify the statute and increase the capital (arts. 198°, 201° and 202° LGS), legal gaps and ambiguities are identified regarding how to sanction adopted agreements with dilutive purposes that harm minorities. Key normative instruments include, in addition to the mentioned articles, the arts. 139° and 150° of the LGS for the challenge and nullity of lawsuits, respectively, as well as extraneous jurisprudential criteria (such as SAP B 12955/2019 of Spain) that offer standards on reasonableness, necessity and fairness in these decisions. The main conclusions are: (i) in general the capital increase is abusive, but its real economic justification must be analyzed; (ii) if the measure does not respond to a reasonable need and unduly benefits the majority shareholder, it violates social interests; and (iii) this type of agreements must be challenged via article 139° LGS, as they are internal conflicts that require reinforced protection for minority shareholders.
The paper addresses the problem of capital increases in public limited companies with the apparent purpose of diluting the participation of minority shareholders, a phenomenon that can violate the principle of loyalty and social interests. If the General Law of Societies of Peru (LGS) allows these increases, their abusive use by majority shareholders with control power could seriously affect the corporate structure, or unjustifiably alter the shareholding distribution. The case is framed in a normative context where, despite the requirement to comply with formal procedures to modify the statute and increase the capital (arts. 198°, 201° and 202° LGS), legal gaps and ambiguities are identified regarding how to sanction adopted agreements with dilutive purposes that harm minorities. Key normative instruments include, in addition to the mentioned articles, the arts. 139° and 150° of the LGS for the challenge and nullity of lawsuits, respectively, as well as extraneous jurisprudential criteria (such as SAP B 12955/2019 of Spain) that offer standards on reasonableness, necessity and fairness in these decisions. The main conclusions are: (i) in general the capital increase is abusive, but its real economic justification must be analyzed; (ii) if the measure does not respond to a reasonable need and unduly benefits the majority shareholder, it violates social interests; and (iii) this type of agreements must be challenged via article 139° LGS, as they are internal conflicts that require reinforced protection for minority shareholders.
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Capital, Sociedades anónimas--Exclusión--Perú, Accionistas minoritarios--Perú