La caducidad de la hipoteca no constituida en el sistema financiero y el actuar diligente del acreedor hipotecario
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Acceso al texto completo solo para la Comunidad PUCP
Resumen
El presente trabajo analiza la extinción de la hipoteca por caducidad prevista en
el artículo 3° de la Ley N º 26639 y su tratamiento en el sistema registral peruano.
El estudio se centra en la problemática que surge cuando se cancela el asiento
de inscripción de la hipoteca pese a la existencia de un proceso judicial de
ejecución en curso, situación que coloca al acreedor hipotecario en riesgo la
cobranza de la deuda y afecta la seguridad jurídica registral.
En ese contexto, el plazo de caducidad no se interrumpe con el inicio del proceso
de ejecución de la garantía hipotecaria; sin embargo, corresponde al acreedor
renovar la inscripción o solicitar la anotación de la demanda para salvaguardar
su derecho y el rango hipotecario. Asimismo, una interpretación sistemática del
artículo 3° de la Ley N.º 26639 permitiría que el registrador verifique la existencia
de un proceso judicial pendiente antes de proceder a la cancelación del asiento.
El análisis evidencia que la demora en los procesos judiciales de ejecución
hipotecaria genera, como consecuencia indirecta, la extinción del asiento de
inscripción por caducidad, lo que a su vez impide la ejecución efectiva de la
garantía. Asimismo, se advierte que la solución de la reinscripción de la hipoteca
planteada por el Pleno Registral CLXXXVII-2018 no resuelve el vacío existente
entre la cancelación y la reinscripción, espacio de tiempo que puede ser
aprovechado por deudores de mala fe.
Finalmente, se propone que la digitalización de los procesos judiciales y la
interoperabilidad entre el Poder Judicial y la Superintendencia Nacional de los
Registros Públicos (SUNARP) permitan al registrador acceder en tiempo real a
información sobre procesos de ejecución hipotecaria. De igual forma, se sugiere
evaluar la viabilidad del proceso de ejecución extrajudicial de hipotecas como
mecanismo alternativo que brinde mayor celeridad, seguridad y eficiencia.
This paper analyzes the extinction of a mortgage due to expiration, as stipulated in Article 3 of Law No. 26639, and its treatment within the Peruvian registry system. The study focuses on the problem that arises when the mortgage registration entry is cancelled despite the existence of an ongoing judicial enforcement proceeding. This situation jeopardizes the mortgage creditor's ability to collect the debt and undermines the legal certainty of the registry. In this context, the expiration period is not interrupted by the commencement of the mortgage enforcement proceeding; however, it is the creditor's responsibility to renew the registration or request the annotation of the lawsuit to safeguard their rights and the mortgage's priority. Furthermore, a systematic interpretation of Article 3 of Law No. 26639 would allow the registrar to verify the existence of a pending judicial proceeding before proceeding with the cancellation of the entry. The analysis shows that delays in mortgage foreclosure proceedings indirectly lead to the expiration of the registration entry, which in turn prevents the effective enforcement of the security. Furthermore, it notes that the mortgage reregistration solution proposed by the 2018 Registry Plenary Session CLXXXVII does not resolve the gap between cancellation and re-registration, a period that can be exploited by debtors acting in bad faith. Finally, it is proposed that the digitization of judicial processes and interoperability between the Judiciary and the National Superintendency of Public Registries (SUNARP) allow registrars to access real-time information on mortgage foreclosure proceedings. Similarly, it is suggested that the feasibility of extrajudicial mortgage foreclosure proceedings be evaluated as an alternative mechanism that offers greater speed, security, and efficiency.
This paper analyzes the extinction of a mortgage due to expiration, as stipulated in Article 3 of Law No. 26639, and its treatment within the Peruvian registry system. The study focuses on the problem that arises when the mortgage registration entry is cancelled despite the existence of an ongoing judicial enforcement proceeding. This situation jeopardizes the mortgage creditor's ability to collect the debt and undermines the legal certainty of the registry. In this context, the expiration period is not interrupted by the commencement of the mortgage enforcement proceeding; however, it is the creditor's responsibility to renew the registration or request the annotation of the lawsuit to safeguard their rights and the mortgage's priority. Furthermore, a systematic interpretation of Article 3 of Law No. 26639 would allow the registrar to verify the existence of a pending judicial proceeding before proceeding with the cancellation of the entry. The analysis shows that delays in mortgage foreclosure proceedings indirectly lead to the expiration of the registration entry, which in turn prevents the effective enforcement of the security. Furthermore, it notes that the mortgage reregistration solution proposed by the 2018 Registry Plenary Session CLXXXVII does not resolve the gap between cancellation and re-registration, a period that can be exploited by debtors acting in bad faith. Finally, it is proposed that the digitization of judicial processes and interoperability between the Judiciary and the National Superintendency of Public Registries (SUNARP) allow registrars to access real-time information on mortgage foreclosure proceedings. Similarly, it is suggested that the feasibility of extrajudicial mortgage foreclosure proceedings be evaluated as an alternative mechanism that offers greater speed, security, and efficiency.
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Superintendencia Nacional de los Registros Públicos (Perú), Poder judicial--Perú, Hipotecas--Perú, Caducidad (Derecho)--Perú