La protección de los créditos laborales en el procedimiento concursal peruano a la luz de la distinción entre créditos remunerativos y no remunerativos
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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El presente artículo analiza el tratamiento que se otorga a los créditos laborales
en el sistema concursal, en el contexto de una empresa que atraviesa un
procedimiento de disolución y liquidación. Al respecto, los créditos laborales
gozan, en principio, de un tratamiento privilegiado, al ser reconocidos en el
primer orden de prelación, de acuerdo al artículo 42.1 de la Ley General del
Sistema Concursal, lo que refleja una intención normativa de priorizar su
satisfacción por su estrecha vinculación con la subsistencia del trabajador
acreedor. Sin embargo, la práctica jurídica ha introducido una diferenciación
entre créditos laborales remunerativos y no remunerativos, asignando
únicamente a los primeros su reconocimiento como créditos de primer orden de
prelación. Del análisis jurisprudencial realizado se obtiene que esta tesis
restrictiva, que excluye a los conceptos no remunerativos del primer orden, ha
generado incertidumbre jurídica, arbitrariedad en los pronunciamientos
administrativos y protección desigual para los trabajadores, en su rol de
acreedores, la cual ha afectado los principios de primacía de la realidad y
desconoce el carácter integral del crédito laboral. Del mismo modo, ha sido
relevante analizar, en conjunto con la normativa concursal, la normativa
constitucional y laboral nacional e internacional como el Decreto Legislativo N°
728, su reglamento y los Convenios N° 95, N° 173 de la OIT. Por lo cual, se
concluye que la tesis lata es la que permite una interpretación más garantista y
coherente con el marco constitucional, así como que promueve la legitimidad del
sistema concursal peruano.
This article analyzes the treatment given to labor claims in the insolvency system, in the context of a company undergoing dissolution and liquidation proceedings. In this respect, labor claims enjoy, in principle, a privileged treatment, as they are recognized in the first order of priority, according to Article 42.1 of the General Law of the Insolvency System, which reflects a regulatory intention to prioritize their satisfaction due to their close link with the subsistence of the creditor worker. However, legal practice has introduced a differentiation between remunerative and non-remunerative labor credits, assigning only the former to be recognized as first priority credits. The jurisprudential analysis shows that this restrictive thesis, which excludes non-remunerative concepts of the first order, has generated legal uncertainty, arbitrariness in administrative pronouncements and unequal protection for workers, in their role as creditors, which has affected the principles of the primacy of reality and ignores the integral nature of the labor credit. Likewise, it has been relevant to analyze, together with the bankruptcy law, the national and international constitutional and labor law, such as Legislative Decree No. 728, its regulations and ILO Conventions No. 95, No. 173. Therefore, it is concluded that the long thesis is the one that allows a more guaranteeing and coherent interpretation with the constitutional framework, as well as promotes the legitimacy of the Peruvian bankruptcy system.
This article analyzes the treatment given to labor claims in the insolvency system, in the context of a company undergoing dissolution and liquidation proceedings. In this respect, labor claims enjoy, in principle, a privileged treatment, as they are recognized in the first order of priority, according to Article 42.1 of the General Law of the Insolvency System, which reflects a regulatory intention to prioritize their satisfaction due to their close link with the subsistence of the creditor worker. However, legal practice has introduced a differentiation between remunerative and non-remunerative labor credits, assigning only the former to be recognized as first priority credits. The jurisprudential analysis shows that this restrictive thesis, which excludes non-remunerative concepts of the first order, has generated legal uncertainty, arbitrariness in administrative pronouncements and unequal protection for workers, in their role as creditors, which has affected the principles of the primacy of reality and ignores the integral nature of the labor credit. Likewise, it has been relevant to analyze, together with the bankruptcy law, the national and international constitutional and labor law, such as Legislative Decree No. 728, its regulations and ILO Conventions No. 95, No. 173. Therefore, it is concluded that the long thesis is the one that allows a more guaranteeing and coherent interpretation with the constitutional framework, as well as promotes the legitimacy of the Peruvian bankruptcy system.
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Crédito, Derecho concursal--Jurisprudencia--Perú, Derecho concursal--Jurisprudencia--Perú, Derecho laboral--Jurisprudencia--Perú
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item.page.review
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