Entre la legitimidad y la legitimación del Sistema Político Peruano: estudios psicopolíticos sobre las creencias y actitudes constitutivas de la legitimidad política en un contexto de debilitamiento democrático
Date
2024-10-31
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Abstract
La presente tesis comprende tres estudios empíricos cuyo objetivo general es
analizar las creencias y actitudes hacia los principios constitutivos de la legitimidad
política en un contexto de debilitamiento democrático como el peruano. Se aborda la
legitimidad como un atributo central de la democracia, proponiendo una distinción entre
los conceptos de legitimidad y legitimación de un sistema político. La tesis se desarrolla
en el contexto de debilitamiento democrático por el que atraviesa el Perú, donde se
aprecia una aceptación acrítica del sistema político por parte de importantes sectores
de la ciudadanía. Lo anterior se discute en el marco del acuerdo político predominante
en el Perú, caracterizado por la adopción del neoliberalismo como doctrina. En ese
escenario, el primer estudio de tipo cualitativo, intenta entender desde la perspectiva
ciudadana cuáles son las dimensiones constitutivas de la legitimidad política. En el
segundo estudio de tipo instrumental se desarrolla de una escala psicométrica para
medir las actitudes hacia la construcción de la legitimidad política, destacando dos
dimensiones: orientación al bien común y orientación al consenso deliberativo. El tercer
estudio de tipo correlacional, analiza los correlatos psicosociales y psicopolíticos de las
actitudes hacia la legitimidad política, relacionándolos con variables como la ideología
política, la percepción de legitimidad del sistema y las actitudes a la democracia. En
conjunto, la investigación pone en evidencia cómo la ciudadanía se relaciona con los
principios sobre los que se constituye la legitimidad de un sistema democrático y cómo
estas percepciones están influenciadas por factores ideológicos y psicopolíticos en el
contexto peruano actual.
This doctoral thesis consists of three empirical studies whose general objective is to analyze the beliefs and attitudes towards the constitutive principles of political legitimacy in a context of democratic weakening such as the Peruvian case. Legitimacy is approached as a central attribute of democracy, proposing a distinction between the concepts of legitimacy and legitimization of a political system. The thesis is developed in the context of Peru's democratic weakening, where an uncritical acceptance of the political system by important sectors of the population can be observed. This is discussed within the framework of the dominant political agreement in Peru, which is characterized by the adoption of neoliberalism as a doctrine. In this scenario, the first qualitative study attempts to understand the constitutive dimensions of political legitimacy from the perspective of citizens. The second instrumental study develops a psychometric scale to measure attitudes toward the construction of political legitimacy, highlighting two dimensions: orientation to the common good and orientation to deliberative consensus. The third correlational study analyzes the psychosocial and psychopolitical correlates of attitudes toward political legitimacy, relating them to variables such as political ideology, perceptions of system legitimacy, and attitudes toward democracy. Overall, the research shows how citizenship is related to the principles on which the legitimacy of a democratic system is constituted, and how these perceptions are influenced by ideological and psychopolitical factors in the current Peruvian context.
This doctoral thesis consists of three empirical studies whose general objective is to analyze the beliefs and attitudes towards the constitutive principles of political legitimacy in a context of democratic weakening such as the Peruvian case. Legitimacy is approached as a central attribute of democracy, proposing a distinction between the concepts of legitimacy and legitimization of a political system. The thesis is developed in the context of Peru's democratic weakening, where an uncritical acceptance of the political system by important sectors of the population can be observed. This is discussed within the framework of the dominant political agreement in Peru, which is characterized by the adoption of neoliberalism as a doctrine. In this scenario, the first qualitative study attempts to understand the constitutive dimensions of political legitimacy from the perspective of citizens. The second instrumental study develops a psychometric scale to measure attitudes toward the construction of political legitimacy, highlighting two dimensions: orientation to the common good and orientation to deliberative consensus. The third correlational study analyzes the psychosocial and psychopolitical correlates of attitudes toward political legitimacy, relating them to variables such as political ideology, perceptions of system legitimacy, and attitudes toward democracy. Overall, the research shows how citizenship is related to the principles on which the legitimacy of a democratic system is constituted, and how these perceptions are influenced by ideological and psychopolitical factors in the current Peruvian context.
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Keywords
Democracia--Aspectos psicológicos--Perú, Ciudadanía--Educación, Autoritarismo--Perú--Siglo XXI
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