¿Son las sanciones de la Contraloría General un mecanismo disuasivo eficaz? Un análisis de su potestad sancionadora y el principio de legalidad en la función pública
Date
2025-03-14
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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Abstract
El presente trabajo analiza la potestad sancionadora de la Contraloría General
de la República (CGR) del Perú y su relación con el principio de legalidad, con
especial énfasis en la sentencia del Tribunal Constitucional (Expediente N° 026-
2021-PI/TC). Se examina el marco constitucional y legal que sustenta las
facultades de fiscalización y sanción de la CGR, resaltando su papel clave en la
prevención y lucha contra la corrupción, así como en la supervisión del uso de
los recursos públicos. Además, se profundiza en los subprincipios de tipicidad y
taxatividad, esenciales para garantizar la seguridad jurídica y evitar
discrecionalidades en la aplicación de sanciones.
El análisis de la mencionada sentencia evidencia que la norma que regulaba las
infracciones y sanciones, presentaba imprecisiones que vulneraban la
taxatividad, generando riesgos de interpretación discrecional. En este contexto,
se destaca el rol del Tribunal Superior de Responsabilidades Administrativas
(TSRA), que mediante acuerdos plenarios ha precisado conceptos clave como
“perjuicio al Estado” y ha eliminado términos ambiguos como “grave afectación
al servicio público”, buscando mayor claridad normativa.
Finalmente, se proponen mejoras para el procedimiento administrativo
sancionador, incluyendo la revisión y actualización de la tipificación de
infracciones, el fortalecimiento de la celeridad y transparencia de los procesos y
la adopción de un sistema de sanciones progresivas que equilibre la prevención
con la corrección de conductas irregulares. Estas medidas buscan fortalecer el
control gubernamental y asegurar que el ejercicio de la potestad sancionadora
de la CGR sea eficaz y plenamente conforme al principio de legalidad.
This paper examines the sanctioning power of Peru’s Supreme Audit Institution (SAI) and its connection to the principle of legality, with a focus on the Constitutional Court ruling in Case No. 026-2021-PI/TC. It outlines the constitutional and legal framework that supports the SAI’s auditing and sanctioning functions, emphasizing its vital role in preventing corruption and overseeing public resource management. The study also discusses the subprinciples of typicity and specificity, which are key to ensuring legal certainty and avoiding arbitrary interpretations when applying sanctions. The ruling analysis reveals that the regulation defining offenses and sanctions contains ambiguities that compromise specificity and open the door to discretionary interpretations. In response, the Superior Administrative Responsibilities Tribunal (TSRA) has issued plenary agreements to clarify essential concepts—such as “damage to the State”—and to eliminate vague expressions like “serious harm to public service,” thereby promoting greater regulatory clarity. Finally, the paper proposes several improvements to the administrative sanctioning process. These include modernizing the classification of offenses, enhancing the speed and transparency of procedures, and adopting a progressive sanctioning system that balances preventive measures with corrective actions against irregular conduct. These recommendations aim to reinforce governmental oversight and ensure that the SAI’s sanctioning power is applied effectively and in full compliance with the principle of legality.
This paper examines the sanctioning power of Peru’s Supreme Audit Institution (SAI) and its connection to the principle of legality, with a focus on the Constitutional Court ruling in Case No. 026-2021-PI/TC. It outlines the constitutional and legal framework that supports the SAI’s auditing and sanctioning functions, emphasizing its vital role in preventing corruption and overseeing public resource management. The study also discusses the subprinciples of typicity and specificity, which are key to ensuring legal certainty and avoiding arbitrary interpretations when applying sanctions. The ruling analysis reveals that the regulation defining offenses and sanctions contains ambiguities that compromise specificity and open the door to discretionary interpretations. In response, the Superior Administrative Responsibilities Tribunal (TSRA) has issued plenary agreements to clarify essential concepts—such as “damage to the State”—and to eliminate vague expressions like “serious harm to public service,” thereby promoting greater regulatory clarity. Finally, the paper proposes several improvements to the administrative sanctioning process. These include modernizing the classification of offenses, enhancing the speed and transparency of procedures, and adopting a progressive sanctioning system that balances preventive measures with corrective actions against irregular conduct. These recommendations aim to reinforce governmental oversight and ensure that the SAI’s sanctioning power is applied effectively and in full compliance with the principle of legality.
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Perú. Contraloría General de la República, Sanciones administrativas--Perú, Procedimiento administrativo--Perú
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