Sin estudio, sin trabajo, ¿sin oportunidades?: un análisis de las características y los determinantes de los jóvenes que no estudian ni trabajan (NiNi) en el Perú
Date
2020-10-22
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Abstract
La situación actual de los jóvenes peruanos es preocupante en los
ámbitos educativo y laboral: la tasa de deserción escolar más alta es a nivel
secundario (6.3%) y la tasa neta de conclusión de la educación terciaria es de
apenas 20.7%, en tanto la tasa de desempleo es más alta para los jóvenes que
para los adultos, siendo que los primeros tienen el triple de posibilidades de estar
desempleados respecto a los segundos. Además, los jóvenes que no estudian
ni tampoco trabajan ascienden a casi un millón y medio en nuestro país. A pesar
la magnitud de estos últimos, son escasos los estudios que aborden a este grupo
específico (NiNi). Es por ello que este trabajo de investigación propone encontrar
cuáles son las variables detrás de la decisión de los jóvenes de no estudiar ni
trabajar. Una revisión de la literatura –empírica y teórica- nos permite formular la
hipótesis de este trabajo: las variables relevantes en la condición de NiNi de los
jóvenes peruanos corresponden a sus características personales (sexo, la edad,
el nivel educativo y la dedicación a las tareas del hogar), pero también a las de
su entorno (la presencia del jefe del hogar, la educación de este/a, el ingreso
familiar y la tasa de dependencia del hogar, el salario promedio de la región y la
tasa de desempleo juvenil de la región). Se plantea el testeo de la hipótesis
mediante dos metodologías: un panel multinomial de efectos fijos, donde las
categorías sean (i)solo estudiar, (ii) solo trabajar, (iii) estudiar y trabajar, (iv) ni
estudiar ni trabajar; un logit panel donde la variable dependiente tome el valor de
1 cuando un joven que no era NiNi en el año t pase a serlo en el año t+1 y donde
las variables dependientes sean los cambios de las variables presentadas en la
hipótesis del año t al año t+1.
The current situation of Peruvian youth is worrisome in the educational and labor spheres: the highest dropout rate is at secondary level (6.3%) and the net completion rate of tertiary education is only 20.7%, while the the unemployment rate is higher for young people than for adults, the former being three times more likely to be unemployed than the latter. In addition, young people who do not study or work, amount to almost 1.5 million in our country. Despite the magnitude of the latter, there are few studies that address this specific group (NEET). That is why this research paper proposes to find the key variables behind the decision of young people not to study or work. A review of the literature - empirical and theoretical - allows us to formulate the hypothesis of this work: the relevant variables in the NEET status of Peruvian youth correspond to their personal characteristics (sex, age, educational level and dedication to household chores), but also those around them (the presence of the head of the household, the education of the household, the family income and the household dependency rate, the average salary in the region and the youth unemployment rate of the region). The hypothesis is tested through two methodologies: a multinomial panel with fixed effects, where the categories are (i) only study, (ii) only work, (iii) study and work, (iv) neither study nor work; a logit panel where the dependent variable takes the value of 1 when a young person who was not NEET in year t becomes one in year t+1 and where the dependent variables are the changes of the variables presented in the hypothesis from year t to year t+1.
The current situation of Peruvian youth is worrisome in the educational and labor spheres: the highest dropout rate is at secondary level (6.3%) and the net completion rate of tertiary education is only 20.7%, while the the unemployment rate is higher for young people than for adults, the former being three times more likely to be unemployed than the latter. In addition, young people who do not study or work, amount to almost 1.5 million in our country. Despite the magnitude of the latter, there are few studies that address this specific group (NEET). That is why this research paper proposes to find the key variables behind the decision of young people not to study or work. A review of the literature - empirical and theoretical - allows us to formulate the hypothesis of this work: the relevant variables in the NEET status of Peruvian youth correspond to their personal characteristics (sex, age, educational level and dedication to household chores), but also those around them (the presence of the head of the household, the education of the household, the family income and the household dependency rate, the average salary in the region and the youth unemployment rate of the region). The hypothesis is tested through two methodologies: a multinomial panel with fixed effects, where the categories are (i) only study, (ii) only work, (iii) study and work, (iv) neither study nor work; a logit panel where the dependent variable takes the value of 1 when a young person who was not NEET in year t becomes one in year t+1 and where the dependent variables are the changes of the variables presented in the hypothesis from year t to year t+1.
Description
Keywords
Juventud--Aspectos sociales--Perú, Juventud--Empleo--Perú, Juventud--Educación--Perú