Climate change and plastic pollution as main drivers of environmental impacts in the peruvian EEZ
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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Las actividades marinas en la Zona Económica Exclusiva (ZEE) peruana, lideradas por una de las
pesquerías más prolíficas del mundo, enfrentan crecientes presiones ambientales derivadas de la
sinergia entre el cambio climático y la contaminación por plásticos. Esta investigación ofrece un
análisis integral de estos desafíos mediante un marco multidisciplinario que combina el Análisis
del Ciclo de Vida (ACV), el Análisis del Flujo de Materiales (AFM) y el Análisis Envolvente de
Datos (DEA por sus siglas en inglés). La cuantificación de las fuentes de plástico en el océano
revela que la flota pesquera peruana es la principal responsable, liberando entre 2715 y 5584
toneladas de residuos plásticos anualmente al medio marino, siendo los equipos de pesca
abandonados, perdidos o desechados la mayor fuente. Una preocupación apremiante que surge de
este trabajo es la vía de contaminación por microplásticos. La proximidad de las principales zonas
de pesca a las áreas costeras, que reciben una considerable contaminación terrestre por plásticos,
aumenta la susceptibilidad de especies pelágicas como la anchoveta a la ingestión de
microplásticos. Este riesgo de contaminación se propaga a través de la cadena de suministro, lo
que supone una amenaza de introducción de microplásticos en la acuicultura mundial a través de
la harina de pescado y los piensos. Además, la combinación de los efectos del cambio climático y
emisiones plásticas al océano se ve exacerbada por la variabilidad climática, en particular por el
fenómeno del Niño, que altera las poblaciones de peces y modifica los patrones oceanográficos
que influyen en la dispersión de los desechos plásticos. Al examinar críticamente la huella
ambiental de la industria peruana de harina y aceite de pescado, un pilar fundamental a nivel
mundial para la alimentación de la acuicultura, se encuentra que la fase de procesamiento es un
punto crítico para las emisiones de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI), aunque en los
últimos años se ha producido una transición hacia el gas natural desde otros combustibles con altas
emisiones de carbono (diésel y residuales de petróleo) que ha mitigado este impacto. Además, la
flota de pesca de anchoveta con redes de cerco demuestra una muy buena eficiencia de combustible
comparado con otras pesquerías. Adicionalmente, se comprobó que los productos de harina y
aceite de pescado peruanos siguen teniendo una de las menores huellas de carbono en comparación
con otros ingredientes para piensos. Los resultados resaltan la necesidad de estrategias de
mitigación integradas que aborden tanto las emisiones directas de las operaciones marítimas (por
ejemplo, las emisiones de GEI) como el problema generalizado de la contaminación por plásticos.
Las intervenciones políticas deben priorizar la mejora de la gestión de residuos portuarios,
incentivar la adopción de buenas prácticas en la pesca, el uso de combustibles con menos
intensidad de carbono, y promover un enfoque de economía circular para los plásticos, con el fin
de salvaguardar los ecosistemas marinos, garantizar la viabilidad a largo plazo de las industrias
marítimas clave y proteger la seguridad alimentaria mundial.
Marine activities in the Peruvian Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), which inlcude one of the world's most abundant fisheries, face escalating environmental pressures from the synergistic drivers of climate change and plastic pollution. This research provides an integral analysis of these challenges through a multidisciplinary framework combining Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Material Flow Analysis (MFA), and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The quantification of plastic stocks and flows reveals that the fishing fleet is the dominant contributor of marine plastic pollution from ocean-based activities in the Peruvian EEZ, releasing between 2,715 and 5,584 metric tons of plastic waste annually into the marine environment, with abandoned, lost, or otherwise discarded fishing gear constituting the largest single share. A pressing concern emerging from this work is the pathway of microplastic contamination. The proximity of key fishing grounds to coastal areas, which receive substantial terrestrial plastic pollution, increases the susceptibility of pelagic species like anchoveta to microplastic ingestion. This contamination risk propagates through the supply chain, posing a threat of introducing microplastics into global aquaculture via fishmeal and aquafeeds. The interplay of plastic pollution and climate change is exacerbated by climate variability, particularly the El Niño Southern Oscillation, which disrupts fish stocks and alters oceanographic patterns that influence plastic debris dispersion. The environmental footprint of the Peruvian fishmeal and fish oil (FMFO) industry, an essential ingredient for global aquaculture feeds, is critically examined. While the anchoveta purse-seine fleet demonstrates high levels of fuel efficiency when compared to other fisheries, the processing phase remains a hotspot for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, though a transition towards natural gas from other carbon-intensive fuel (i.e., diesel and residual fuel oils) in recent years has mitigated this impact. Moreover, it was also found that Peruvian FMFO products continue to have one of the lowest carbon footprints compared to other feed ingredients. The findings highlight the need for integrated mitigation strategies that address both direct emissions from maritime operations (e.g., GHG emissions) and the pervasive issue of plastic leakage. Policy interventions must prioritize improved port waste management, incentivize adoption of best practices in fisheries, the use of less carbon-intensive fuels, and the promotion of a circular economy approach to plastics to safeguard marine ecosystems, ensure the long-term viability of critical marine industries, and protect global food security.
Marine activities in the Peruvian Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), which inlcude one of the world's most abundant fisheries, face escalating environmental pressures from the synergistic drivers of climate change and plastic pollution. This research provides an integral analysis of these challenges through a multidisciplinary framework combining Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Material Flow Analysis (MFA), and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The quantification of plastic stocks and flows reveals that the fishing fleet is the dominant contributor of marine plastic pollution from ocean-based activities in the Peruvian EEZ, releasing between 2,715 and 5,584 metric tons of plastic waste annually into the marine environment, with abandoned, lost, or otherwise discarded fishing gear constituting the largest single share. A pressing concern emerging from this work is the pathway of microplastic contamination. The proximity of key fishing grounds to coastal areas, which receive substantial terrestrial plastic pollution, increases the susceptibility of pelagic species like anchoveta to microplastic ingestion. This contamination risk propagates through the supply chain, posing a threat of introducing microplastics into global aquaculture via fishmeal and aquafeeds. The interplay of plastic pollution and climate change is exacerbated by climate variability, particularly the El Niño Southern Oscillation, which disrupts fish stocks and alters oceanographic patterns that influence plastic debris dispersion. The environmental footprint of the Peruvian fishmeal and fish oil (FMFO) industry, an essential ingredient for global aquaculture feeds, is critically examined. While the anchoveta purse-seine fleet demonstrates high levels of fuel efficiency when compared to other fisheries, the processing phase remains a hotspot for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, though a transition towards natural gas from other carbon-intensive fuel (i.e., diesel and residual fuel oils) in recent years has mitigated this impact. Moreover, it was also found that Peruvian FMFO products continue to have one of the lowest carbon footprints compared to other feed ingredients. The findings highlight the need for integrated mitigation strategies that address both direct emissions from maritime operations (e.g., GHG emissions) and the pervasive issue of plastic leakage. Policy interventions must prioritize improved port waste management, incentivize adoption of best practices in fisheries, the use of less carbon-intensive fuels, and the promotion of a circular economy approach to plastics to safeguard marine ecosystems, ensure the long-term viability of critical marine industries, and protect global food security.
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Industria pesquera--Aspectos ambientales--Perú, Cambios climáticos--Perú, Desechos marinos de plástico--Perú, Aguas jurisdiccionales--Perú, Análisis del impacto ambiental