Cultura y conversión pentecostal: individuo, cuerpo y emociones en la dinámica religiosa de sectores populares de Lima. El caso del Centro Misionero Ríos de Agua Viva de San Juan de Lurigancho
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2018-11-14
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Abstract
La cuestión fundamental que plantea la tesis son las causas de la persistencia, arraigo y difusión del pentecostalismo en algunos sectores populares urbanos peruanos, especialmente entre los más pobres. Se plantean nuevas respuestas a esta vieja pregunta centradas en el papel que el cuerpo y las emociones tienen en la centralidad que el pentecostalismo da al individuo en este sistema religioso. Las prácticas rituales, las creencias, discursos, formas de integración, participación y demás elementos del sistema pentecostal actúan sobre los mecanismos simbólicos de la individuación para redefinir las percepciones, concepciones y relaciones de los pentecostales respecto de sus propios cuerpos. Se plantea que, como resultado de un proceso de “transformación”, más que de “conversión”, el pentecostal, consciente e inconscientemente, hace del cuerpo un centro fundamental de su nueva condición e identidad religiosa, legitimándola mediante el bautismo en el Espíritu la su efusión de dones carismaticos que sacraliza su corporalidad, y sosteniéndola mediante el nutrido y riguroso sistema de normas éticas para el cuidado y control de la conducta, del cuerpo y de la persona en la vida cotidiana. La eficacia de dicha ética pentecostal radica en su fuerte dimensión emocional, al mismo tiempo que moral, en tanto que el miedo y temor a retornar a la vieja condición social y religiosa de procedencia, otorgan al cuidado del cuerpo, “templo espiritual”, un papel central en la vida personal y social. Esta es una condición funcional a sectores que encuentran en el cambio
pentecostal un medio de ascenso y “mejora” social. La tesis muestra que, en el fondo, es relativa la oposición del pentecostalismo al catolicismo y cultura popular peruanos, ya que ambas culturas religiosas comparten símbolos y emociones sobre las que construyen sus imaginarios. En este sentido, creencias como las del diablo, fantasmas, aparecidos, espectros, entre otras, son extremadamente importantes en la construcción de la cultura pentecostal y son, además, parte del vínculo del pentecostalismo con el catolicismo popular. Dichas creencias tienen un sentido y significado social y político que reflejan los mundos sociales en oposición y disputa. Se concluye que el éxito del pentecostalismo en los sectores que lo asumen radica en su capacidad de articulación simbolica de dos mundos sociales en tensión, mediante una cultura pentecostal que se centra en el individuo y le da centralidad al cuerpo en el proceso de cambio religioso. La investigación describe y analiza el proceso de surgimiento, desarrollo y transformación de una iglesia pentecostal del distrito popular de San Juan de Lurigancho en donde se observa esta compleja
transformación individual de los pentecostales. Se ha considerado además otros distritos y zonas populares para efectos de comparación. El método empleado ha sido el etnográfico con observación participante y su enfoque es fundamentalmente cualitativo, centrado en narrativas e historias de vida, entrevistas en profundidad, cuestionarios y encuestas
The fundamental question of the thesis is the causes of the persistence, rootedness and diffusion of Pentecostalism in many popular urban sectors of Peru, especially among the poorest. There are new answers to this old question centered on the role that the body and emotions have in the centrality that Pentecostalism gives to the individual in this religious system. Ritual practices, beliefs, discourses, forms of integration, participation and other elements of the Pentecostal system act on the symbolic mechanisms of individuation to redefine the perceptions, conceptions and relations of the Pentecostals with respect to their own bodies. It is argued that as a result of a process of "transformation”, rather than "conversion", the Pentecostal consciously and unconsciously makes the body a fundamental center of its new religious identity and identity, legitimizing it through baptism in the spirit and its production of charismatic gifts that sacralizes its corporeality, and sustaining it through the rigorous and nourished system of ethical norms for the care and control of the conduct, body and person in daily life. The efficacy of the Pentecostal ethic lies in its strong emotional and moral dimension, while the fear of returning to the old social and religious condition of origin, give to the care of the body, "spiritual temple", a central role in personal and social life. This is a functional condition to sectors that find in Pentecostal change a way of promotion and social "improvement”. The thesis shows that, in fact Pentecostalism's opposition to peruvian catholicism and popular culture is relative, since both religious cultures share symbols and emotions on which they construct their imaginaries. Beliefs such as the devil, ghosts, specters, among others, are extremely important in the construction of Pentecostal culture and are also part of the link between Pentecostalism and popular Catholicism. Such beliefs have a social and political meaning that reflect the social worlds in opposition and dispute. It is concluded that the success of Pentecostalism in the sectors that assume it lies in its capacity of symbolic articulation of two social worlds in tension, through the Pentecostal culture that focuses on the individual and gives centrality to the body in the process of religious change. The research describes and analyzes the process of emergence, development and transformation of a Pentecostal church in the popular district of San Juan de Lurigancho where this complex individual transformation of the Pentecostals is observed. Other districts and popular areas have also been considered for comparison purposes. The method used has been the ethnographic with participant observation and its approach is fundamentally qualitative, centered on narratives and life histories, in-depth interviews, questionnaires and surveys
The fundamental question of the thesis is the causes of the persistence, rootedness and diffusion of Pentecostalism in many popular urban sectors of Peru, especially among the poorest. There are new answers to this old question centered on the role that the body and emotions have in the centrality that Pentecostalism gives to the individual in this religious system. Ritual practices, beliefs, discourses, forms of integration, participation and other elements of the Pentecostal system act on the symbolic mechanisms of individuation to redefine the perceptions, conceptions and relations of the Pentecostals with respect to their own bodies. It is argued that as a result of a process of "transformation”, rather than "conversion", the Pentecostal consciously and unconsciously makes the body a fundamental center of its new religious identity and identity, legitimizing it through baptism in the spirit and its production of charismatic gifts that sacralizes its corporeality, and sustaining it through the rigorous and nourished system of ethical norms for the care and control of the conduct, body and person in daily life. The efficacy of the Pentecostal ethic lies in its strong emotional and moral dimension, while the fear of returning to the old social and religious condition of origin, give to the care of the body, "spiritual temple", a central role in personal and social life. This is a functional condition to sectors that find in Pentecostal change a way of promotion and social "improvement”. The thesis shows that, in fact Pentecostalism's opposition to peruvian catholicism and popular culture is relative, since both religious cultures share symbols and emotions on which they construct their imaginaries. Beliefs such as the devil, ghosts, specters, among others, are extremely important in the construction of Pentecostal culture and are also part of the link between Pentecostalism and popular Catholicism. Such beliefs have a social and political meaning that reflect the social worlds in opposition and dispute. It is concluded that the success of Pentecostalism in the sectors that assume it lies in its capacity of symbolic articulation of two social worlds in tension, through the Pentecostal culture that focuses on the individual and gives centrality to the body in the process of religious change. The research describes and analyzes the process of emergence, development and transformation of a Pentecostal church in the popular district of San Juan de Lurigancho where this complex individual transformation of the Pentecostals is observed. Other districts and popular areas have also been considered for comparison purposes. The method used has been the ethnographic with participant observation and its approach is fundamentally qualitative, centered on narratives and life histories, in-depth interviews, questionnaires and surveys
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Centro Apostólico Misionero Ríos de Agua Viva (Perú), Pentecostalismo--Perú--San Juan de Lurigancho (Lima : Distrito), Pobreza urbana--Perú--San Juan de Lurigancho (Lima : Distrito), Religiosidad--Perú--San Juan de Lurigancho (Lima : Distrito)
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