Discrepancias en la interpretación jurisprudencial del delito de negociación incompatible, tarea pendiente para el legislador
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Acceso al texto completo solo para la Comunidad PUCP
Resumen
El delito de negociación incompatible, reconocido por ciertos autores como ilícito
de gestión desleal en el ámbito de la función pública, destaca como una de las
figuras penales de mayor controversia en el sistema penal nacional. Pese al tiempo
transcurrido desde sus orígenes, las diversas reformas a la legislación solo se han
abocado a endurecer sus consecuencias jurídicas, relegando la necesaria
aclaración del alcance y contenido de la conducta materia de reproche, así se han
venido suscitando diversas interpretaciones jurisprudenciales que solo han
generado mayor inseguridad jurídica.
En contraste con otras figuras delictivas, vinculadas a la corrupción de funcionarios
con efecto patrimonial directo como la colusión, este ilícito tiene su núcleo en la
quiebra de la imparcialidad y la probidad del servidor civil en el ejercicio de la
función pública. Esta característica particular del ilícito, ha concitado que tanto la
doctrina como la jurisprudencia, se haya centrado en tres puntos de debate
recurrente: la naturaleza del tipo penal, calificándolo como delito de peligro
abstracto o concreto; la posibilidad de participación de sujetos externos a la función
pública (extraneus) y finalmente, su autonomía frente al delito de colusión. Los
pronunciamientos advierten divergencias en la interpretación judicial y una alta
incidencia procesal de este delito.
En este escenario, los recientes proyectos legislativos han intentado precisar su
alcance, aunque persisten carencias desde una perspectiva dogmática. Este
trabajo propone abordar una reforma integral que redefina el concepto esencial del
tipo penal, delimite con mayor claridad el bien jurídico protegido y restrinja la autoría
al funcionario intraneus. De esta manera, se busca garantizar una aplicación del
tipo penal que sea coherente, respetuosa de los principios constitucionales y
orientada a brindar mayor seguridad jurídica.
The offence of incompatible negotiation, also known as unfair management in the civil service, has become one of the most controversial figures within Peruvian criminal law. Despite their long-standing validity, the normative reforms that have been implemented over time have prioritized the tightening of sanctions rather than the clarification of their conceptual content, perpetuating interpretative ambiguities that generate legal uncertainty. In contrast to other criminal offences linked to the corruption of officials with direct pecuniary effect such as collusion, this offence has its core in the breach of the impartiality and probity of the civil servant in the exercise of public functions. This feature of the wrongful act has meant that both doctrine and jurisprudence have focused on three points of recurrent debate: the nature of the criminal type, describing it as a crime of abstract or concrete danger; the possibility of participation by subjects external to the public service (extraneus) and, finally, their autonomy from the crime of collusion. The pronouncements point to differences in judicial interpretation and a high incidence of legal proceedings for this crime. In this scenario, recent legislative proposals have tried to clarify their scope, although gaps remain from a dogmatic perspective. This paper proposes a comprehensive reform that redefines the essential concept of the criminal type, delimits more clearly the protected legal asset and restricts authorship to the official intraneus. In this way, the aim is to ensure that criminal law is applied in a consistent manner, respecting constitutional principles and aimed at providing greater legal certainty.
The offence of incompatible negotiation, also known as unfair management in the civil service, has become one of the most controversial figures within Peruvian criminal law. Despite their long-standing validity, the normative reforms that have been implemented over time have prioritized the tightening of sanctions rather than the clarification of their conceptual content, perpetuating interpretative ambiguities that generate legal uncertainty. In contrast to other criminal offences linked to the corruption of officials with direct pecuniary effect such as collusion, this offence has its core in the breach of the impartiality and probity of the civil servant in the exercise of public functions. This feature of the wrongful act has meant that both doctrine and jurisprudence have focused on three points of recurrent debate: the nature of the criminal type, describing it as a crime of abstract or concrete danger; the possibility of participation by subjects external to the public service (extraneus) and, finally, their autonomy from the crime of collusion. The pronouncements point to differences in judicial interpretation and a high incidence of legal proceedings for this crime. In this scenario, recent legislative proposals have tried to clarify their scope, although gaps remain from a dogmatic perspective. This paper proposes a comprehensive reform that redefines the essential concept of the criminal type, delimits more clearly the protected legal asset and restricts authorship to the official intraneus. In this way, the aim is to ensure that criminal law is applied in a consistent manner, respecting constitutional principles and aimed at providing greater legal certainty.
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Delitos de los funcionarios--Perú, Derecho penal--Perú, Conflicto de intereses
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