La carga de la prueba en el delito de enriquecimiento ilícito, el principio de inocencia y el rol del fiscal dentro del Sistema Acusatorio Oral ecuatoriano
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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La presente investigación se centra en determinar si el delito de enriquecimiento ilícito
en la legislación ecuatoriana, implica una inversión de la carga de la prueba en el
proceso penal. Para ello, se examina el rol de la Fiscalía y el uso de la mínima actividad
probatoria como sustento para sancionar a funcionarios públicos que incurren en actos
de corrupción. En este marco, se analizan posturas doctrinarias sobre la teoría de la
distribución dinámica de la carga probatoria, así como la naturaleza residual del tipo
penal en estudio, a fin de esclarecer el procesamiento de dicho delito garantizando el
principio de presunción de inocencia.
El objetivo principal es analizar la configuración y distribución de la carga de la
prueba en el delito de enriquecimiento ilícito dentro del Sistema Acusatorio Oral
ecuatoriano, evaluando su impacto sobre el principio de presunción de inocencia y el
rol del fiscal, con el propósito de proponer lineamientos jurídicos que garanticen el
equilibrio entre los derechos del procesado y la eficacia de la acción penal.
La metodología empleada es un análisis dogmático-procesal del artículo 279 del
Código Orgánico Integral Penal (2014), utilizando doctrina y jurisprudencia nacional e
internacional para contrastar enfoques sobre la inversión de la carga probatoria respecto
del delito en estudio.
Las conclusiones evidencian que, aunque el servidor público debe rendir cuentas
sobre su patrimonio debido a su posición, esto no implica una inversión de la carga de
la prueba. La teoría de la carga dinámica permite que el acusado justifique su patrimonio
solo en la medida en que la Fiscalía haya presentado pruebas de incremento patrimonial
ilícito, sin vulnerar el principio de presunción de inocencia ni el derecho a la defensa.
This research focuses on determining whether the crime of illicit enrichment under Ecuadorian legislation entails a reversal of the burden of proof in criminal proceedings. To this end, it examines the role of the Prosecutor's Office and the use of minimal evidentiary activity as a basis for sanctioning public officials involved in acts of corruption. Within this framework, doctrinal positions on the theory of dynamic distribution of the burden of proof are analyzed, as well as the residual nature of the criminal offense under study, in order to clarify the prosecution of such crime while guaranteeing the principle of presumption of innocence. The main objective is to analyze the configuration and distribution of the burden of proof in the crime of illicit enrichment within Ecuador's Oral Adversarial System, assessing its impact on the presumption of innocence and the role of the prosecutor, with the aim of proposing legal guidelines that ensure a balance between the rights of the accused and the effectiveness of criminal prosecution. The methodology used is a dogmatic-procedural analysis of Article 279 of the Comprehensive Organic Criminal Code (2014), using national and international doctrine and case law to contrast approaches to the reversal of the burden of proof regarding the offense under study. The conclusions show that, although public officials must account for their assets due to their position, this does not imply a reversal of the burden of proof. The theory of dynamic burden allows the accused to justify their assets only insofar as the Prosecutor’s Office has presented evidence of illicit enrichment, without violating the principle of presumption of innocence or the right to a defense.
This research focuses on determining whether the crime of illicit enrichment under Ecuadorian legislation entails a reversal of the burden of proof in criminal proceedings. To this end, it examines the role of the Prosecutor's Office and the use of minimal evidentiary activity as a basis for sanctioning public officials involved in acts of corruption. Within this framework, doctrinal positions on the theory of dynamic distribution of the burden of proof are analyzed, as well as the residual nature of the criminal offense under study, in order to clarify the prosecution of such crime while guaranteeing the principle of presumption of innocence. The main objective is to analyze the configuration and distribution of the burden of proof in the crime of illicit enrichment within Ecuador's Oral Adversarial System, assessing its impact on the presumption of innocence and the role of the prosecutor, with the aim of proposing legal guidelines that ensure a balance between the rights of the accused and the effectiveness of criminal prosecution. The methodology used is a dogmatic-procedural analysis of Article 279 of the Comprehensive Organic Criminal Code (2014), using national and international doctrine and case law to contrast approaches to the reversal of the burden of proof regarding the offense under study. The conclusions show that, although public officials must account for their assets due to their position, this does not imply a reversal of the burden of proof. The theory of dynamic burden allows the accused to justify their assets only insofar as the Prosecutor’s Office has presented evidence of illicit enrichment, without violating the principle of presumption of innocence or the right to a defense.
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Prueba (Derecho), Enriquecimiento sin causa--Legislación--Ecuador, Lavado de dinero--Legislación--Ecuador, Corrupción, Procedimiento penal--Ecuador
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