Designation: D638 – 10
Standard Test Method for
Tensile Properties of Plastics1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D638; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the tensile
properties of unreinforced and reinforced plastics in the form
of standard dumbbell-shaped test specimens when tested under
defined conditions of pretreatment, temperature, humidity, and
testing machine speed.
1.2 This test method can be used for testing materials of any
thickness up to 14 mm (0.55 in.). However, for testing
specimens in the form of thin sheeting, including film less than
1.0 mm (0.04 in.) in thickness, Test Methods D882 is the
preferred test method. Materials with a thickness greater than
14 mm (0.55 in.) must be reduced by machining.
1.3 This test method includes the option of determining
Poisson’s ratio at room temperature.
NOTE 1—This test method and ISO 527-1 are technically equivalent.
NOTE 2—This test method is not intended to cover precise physical
procedures. It is recognized that the constant rate of crosshead movement
type of test leaves much to be desired from a theoretical standpoint, that
wide differences may exist between rate of crosshead movement and rate
of strain between gage marks on the specimen, and that the testing speeds
specified disguise important effects characteristic of materials in the
plastic state. Further, it is realized that variations in the thicknesses of test
specimens, which are permitted by these procedures, produce variations in
the surface-volume ratios of such specimens, and that these variations may
influence the test results. Hence, where directly comparable results are
desired, all samples should be of equal thickness. Special additional tests
should be used where more precise physical data are needed.
NOTE 3—This test method may be used for testing phenolic molded
resin or laminated materials. However, where these materials are used as
electrical insulation, such materials should be tested in accordance with
Test Methods D229 and Test Method D651.
NOTE 4—For tensile properties of resin-matrix composites reinforced
with oriented continuous or discontinuous high modulus >20-GPa
[>3.0 3 106-psi) fibers, tests shall be made in accordance with Test
Method D3039/D3039M.
1.4 Test data obtained by this test method are relevant and
appropriate for use in engineering design.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
only.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:2
D229 Test Methods for Rigid Sheet and Plate Materials
Used for Electrical Insulation
D412 Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermo-
plastic Elastomers—Tension
D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
D651 Method of Test for Tensile Strength of Molded
Electrical Insulating Material3
D882 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic
Sheeting
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D1822 Test Method for Tensile-Impact Energy to Break
Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials
D3039/D3039M Test Method for Tensile Properties of
Polymer Matrix Composite Materials
D4000 Classification System for Specifying Plastic Materi-
als
D4066 Classification System for Nylon Injection and Ex-
trusion Materials (PA)
D5947 Test Methods for Physical Dimensions of Solid
Plastics Specimens
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
E83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Exten-
someter Systems
E132 Test Method for Poisson’s Ratio at Room Tempera-
ture
1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.10 on Mechanical Properties.
Current edition approved May 15, 2010. Published June 2010. Originally
approved in 1941. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D638 - 08. DOI:
10.1520/D0638-10.
2 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
3 Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced
on www.astm.org.
1
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
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E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
2.2 ISO Standard:4
ISO 527-1 Determination of Tensile Properties
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—Definitions of terms applying to this test
method appear in Terminology D883 and Annex A2.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 This test method is designed to produce tensile property
data for the control and specification of plastic materials. These
data are also useful for qualitative characterization and for
research and development. For many materials, there may be a
specification that requires the use of this test method, but with
some procedural modifications that take precedence when
adhering to the specification. Therefore, it is advisable to refer
to that material specification before using this test method.
Table 1 in Classification D4000 lists the ASTM materials
standards that currently exist.
4.2 Tensile properties may vary with specimen preparation
and with speed and environment of testing. Consequently,
where precise comparative results are desired, these factors
must be carefully controlled.
4.2.1 It is realized that a material cannot be tested without
also testing the method of preparation of that material. Hence,
when comparative tests of materials per se are desired, the
greatest care must be exercised to ensure that all samples are
prepared in exactly the same way, unless the test is to include
the effects of sample preparation. Similarly, for referee pur-
poses or comparisons within any given series of specimens,
care must be taken to secure the maximum degree of unifor-
mity in details of preparation, treatment, and handling.
4.3 Tensile properties may provide useful data for plastics
engineering design purposes. However, because of the high
degree of sensitivity exhibited by many plastics to rate of
straining and environmental conditions, data obtained by this
test method cannot be considered valid for applications involv-
ing load-time scales or environments widely different from
those of this test method. In cases of such dissimilarity, no
reliable estimation of the limit of usefulness can be made for
most plastics. This sensitivity to rate of straining and environ-
ment necessitates testing over a broad load-time scale (includ-
ing impact and creep) and range of environmental conditions if
tensile properties are to suffice for engineering design pur-
poses.
NOTE 5—Since the existence of a true elastic limit in plastics (as in
many other organic materials and in many metals) is debatable, the
propriety of applying the term “elastic modulus” in its quoted, generally
accepted definition to describe the “stiffness” or “rigidity” of a plastic has
been seriously questioned. The exact stress-strain characteristics of plastic
materials are highly dependent on such factors as rate of application of
stress, temperature, previous history of specimen, etc. However, stress-
strain curves for plastics, determined as described in this test method,
almost always show a linear region at low stresses, and a straight line
drawn tangent to this portion of the curve permits calculation of an elastic
modulus of the usually defined type. Such a constant is useful if its
arbitrary nature and dependence on time, temperature, and similar factors
are realized.
5. Apparatus
5.1 Testing Machine—A testing machine of the constant-
rate-of-crosshead-movement type and comprising essentially
the following:
5.1.1 Fixed Member—A fixed or essentially stationary
member carrying one grip.
5.1.2 Movable Member—A movable member carrying a
second grip.
5.1.3 Grips—Grips for holding the test specimen between
the fixed member and the movable member of the testing
machine can be either the fixed or self-aligning type.
5.1.3.1 Fixed grips are rigidly attached to the fixed and
movable members of the testing machine. When this type of
grip is used extreme care should be taken to ensure that the test
specimen is inserted and clamped so that the long axis of the
test specimen coincides with the direction of pull through the
center line of the grip assembly.
5.1.3.2 Self-aligning grips are attached to the fixed and
movable members of the testing machine in such a manner that
they will move freely into alignment as soon as any load is
applied so that the long axis of the test specimen will coincide
with the direction of the applied pull through the center line of
the grip assembly. The specimens should be aligned as per-
fectly as possible with the direction of pull so that no rotary
motion that may induce slippage will occur in the grips; there
is a limit to the amount of misalignment self-aligning grips will
accommodate.
5.1.3.3 The test specimen shall be held in such a way that
slippage relative to the grips is prevented insofar as possible.
Grip surfaces that are deeply scored or serrated with a pattern
similar to those of a coarse single-cut file, serrations about 2.4
mm (0.09 in.) apart and about 1.6 mm (0.06 in.) deep, have
been found satisfactory for most thermoplastics. Finer serra-
tions have been found to be more satisfactory for harder
plastics, such as the thermosetting materials. The serrations
should be kept clean and sharp. Breaking in the grips may
occur at times, even when deep serrations or abraded specimen
surfaces are used; other techniques must be used in these cases.
Other techniques that have been found useful, particularly with
smooth-faced grips, are abrading that portion of the surface of
the specimen that will be in the grips, and interposing thin
pieces of abrasive cloth, abrasive paper, or plastic, or rubber-
coated fabric, commonly called hospital sheeting, between the
specimen and the grip surface. No. 80 double-sided abrasive
paper has been found effective in many cases. An open-mesh
fabric, in which the threads are coated with abrasive, has also
been effective. Reducing the cross-sectional area of the speci-
men may also be effective. The use of special types of grips is
sometimes necessary to eliminate slippage and breakage in the
grips.
5.1.4 Drive Mechanism—A drive mechanism for imparting
to the movable member a uniform, controlled velocity with
respect to the stationary member, with this velocity to be
regulated as specified in Section 8.
4 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
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5.1.5 Load Indicator—A suitable load-indicating mecha-
nism capable of showing the total tensile load carried by the
test specimen when held by the grips. This mechanism shall be
essentially free of inertia lag at the specified rate of testing and
shall indicate the load with an accuracy of 61 % of the
indicated value, or better. The accuracy of the testing machine
shall be verified in accordance with Practices E4.
NOTE 6—Experience has shown that many testing machines now in use
are incapable of maintaining accuracy for as long as the periods between
inspection recommended in Practices E4. Hence, it is recommended that
each machine be studied individually and verified as often as may be
found necessary. It frequently will be necessary to perform this function
daily.
5.1.6 The fixed member, movable member, drive mecha-
nism, and grips shall be constructed of such materials and in
such proportions that the total elastic longitudinal strain of the
system constituted by these parts does not exceed 1 % of the
total longitudinal strain between the two gage marks on the test
specimen at any time during the test and at any load up to the
rated capacity of the machine.
5.1.7 Crosshead Extension Indicator—A suitable extension
indicating mechanism capable of showing the amount of
change in the separation of the grips, that is, crosshead
movement. This mechanism shall be essentially free of inertial
lag at the specified rate of testing and shall indicate the
crosshead movement with an accuracy of 610 % of the
indicated value.
5.2 Extension Indicator (extensometer)—A suitable instru-
ment shall be used for determining the distance between two
designated points within the gage length of the test specimen as
the specimen is stretched. For referee purposes, the extensom-
eter must be set at the full gage length of the specimen, as
shown in Fig. 1. It is desirable, but not essential, that this
instrument automatically record this distance, or any change in
it, as a function of the load on the test specimen or of the
elapsed time from the start of the test, or both. If only the latter
is obtained, load-time data must also be taken. This instrument
shall be essentially free of inertia at the specified speed of
testing. Extensometers shall be classified and their calibration
periodically verified in accordance with Practice E83.
5.2.1 Modulus-of-Elasticity Measurements—For modulus-
of-elasticity measurements, an extensometer with a maximum
strain error of 0.0002 mm/mm (in./in.) that automatically and
continuously records shall be used. An extensometer classified
by Practice E83 as fulfilling the requirements of a B-2
classification within the range of use for modulus measure-
ments meets this requirement.
5.2.2 Low-Extension Measurements—For elongation-at-
yield and low-extension measurements (nominally 20 % or
less), the same above extensometer, attenuated to 20 % exten-
sion, may be used. In any case, the extensometer system must
meet at least Class C (Practice E83) requirements, which
include a fixed strain error of 0.001 strain or 61.0 % of the
indicated strain, whichever is greater.
5.2.3 High-Extension Measurements—For making mea-
surements at elongations greater than 20 %, measuring tech-
niques with error no greater than 610 % of the measured value
are acceptable.
5.3 Micrometers—Apparatus for measuring the width and
thickness of the test specimen shall comply with the require-
ments of Test Method D5947.
6. Test Specimens
6.1 Sheet, Plate, and Molded Plastics:
6.1.1 Rigid and Semirigid Plastics—The test specimen shall
conform to the dimensions shown in Fig. 1. The Type I
specimen is the preferred specimen and shall be used where
sufficient material having a thickness of 7 mm (0.28 in.) or less
is available. The Type II specimen may be used when a
material does not break in the narrow section with the preferred
Type I specimen. The Type V specimen shall be used where
only limited material having a thickness of 4 mm (0.16 in.) or
less is available for evaluation, or where a large number of
specimens are to be exposed in a limited space (thermal and
environmental stability tests, etc.). The Type IV specimen
should be used when direct comparisons are required between
materials in different rigidity cases (that is, nonrigid and
semirigid). The Type III specimen must be used for all
materials with a thickness of greater than 7 mm (0.28 in.) but
not more than 14 mm (0.55 in.).
6.1.2 Nonrigid Plastics—The test specimen shall conform
to the dimensions shown in Fig. 1. The Type IV specimen shall
be used for testing nonrigid plastics with a thickness of 4 mm
(0.16 in.) or less. The Type III specimen must be used for all
materials with a thickness greater than 7 mm (0.28 in.) but not
more than 14 mm (0.55 in.).
6.1.3 Reinforced Composites—The test specimen for rein-
forced composites, including highly orthotropic laminates,
shall conform to the dimensions of the Type I specimen shown
in Fig. 1.
6.1.4 Preparation—Test specimens shall be prepared by
machining operations, or die cutting, from materials in sheet,
plate, slab, or similar form. Materials thicker than 14 mm (0.55
in.) must be machined to 14 mm (0.55 in.) for use as Type III
specimens. Specimens can also be prepared by molding the
material to be tested.
NOTE 7—Test results have shown that for some materials such as glass
cloth, SMC, and BMC laminates, other specimen types should be
considered to ensure breakage within the gage length of the specimen, as
mandated by 7.3.
NOTE 8—When preparing specimens from certain composite laminates
such as woven roving, or glass cloth, care must be exercised in cutting the
specimens parallel to the reinforcement. The reinforcement will be
significantly weakened by cutting on a bias, resulting in lower laminate
properties, unless testing of specimens in a direction other than parallel
with the reinforcement constitutes a variable being studied.
NOTE 9—Specimens prepared by injection molding may have different
tensile properties than specimens prepared by machining or die-cutting
because of the orientation induced. This effect may be more pronounced
in specimens with narrow sections.
6.2 Rigid Tubes—The test specimen for rigid tubes shall be
as shown in Fig. 2. The length, L, shall be as shown in the table
in Fig. 2. A groove shall be machined around the outside of the
specimen at the center of its length so that the wall section after
machining shall be 60 % of the original nominal wall thick-
ness. This groove shall consist of a straight section 57.2 mm
(2.25 in.) in length with a radius of 76 mm (3 in.) at each end
joining it to the outside diameter. Steel or brass plugs having
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diameters such that they will fit snugly inside the tube and
having a length equal to the full jaw length plus 25 mm (1 in.)
shall be placed in the ends of the specimens to prevent
crushing. They can be located conveniently in the tube by
separating and supporting them on a threaded metal rod.
Details of plugs and test assembly are shown in Fig. 2.
Specimen Dimensions for Thickness, T, mm (in.)A
Dimensions (see drawings) 7 (0.28) or under Over 7 to 14 (0.28 to 0.55), incl 4 (0.16) or under Tolerances
Type I Type II Type III Type IVB Type VC,D
W—Width of narrow sectionE,F 13 (0.50) 6 (0.25) 19 (0.75) 6 (0.25) 3.18 (0.125) 60.5 (60.02)B,C
L—Length of narrow section 57 (2.25) 57 (2.25) 57 (2.25) 33 (1.30) 9.53 (0.375) 60.5 (60.02)C
WO—Width overall, minG 19 (0.75) 19 (0.75) 29 (1.13) 19 (0.75) ... + 6.4 ( + 0.25)
WO—Width overall, minG ... ... ... ... 9.53 (0.375) + 3.18 ( + 0.125)
LO—Length overall, minH 165 (6.5) 183 (7.2) 246 (9.7) 115 (4.5) 63.5 (2.5) no max (no max)
G—Gage lengthI 50 (2.00) 50 (2.00) 50 (2.00) ... 7.62 (0.300) 60.25 (60.010)C
G—Gage lengthI ... ... ... 25 (1.00) ... 60.13 (60.005)
D—Distance between grips 115 (4.5) 135 (5.3) 115 (4.5) 65 (2.5)J 25.4 (1.0) 65 (60.2)
R—Radius of fillet 76 (3.00) 76 (3.00) 76 (3.00) 14 (0.56) 12.7 (0.5) 61 (60.04)C
RO—Outer radius (Type IV) ... ... ... 25 (1.00) ... 61 (60.04)
A Thickness, T, shall be 3.26 0.4 mm (0.13 6 0.02 in.) for all types of molded specimens, and for other Types I and II specimens where possible. If specimens are
machined from sheets or plates, thickness, T, may be the thickness of the sheet or plate provided this does not exceed the range stated for the intended specimen type.
For sheets of nominal thickness greater than 14 mm (0.55 in.) the specimens shall be machined to 14 6 0.4 mm (0.55 6 0.02 in.) in thickness, for use with the Type III
specimen. For sheets of nominal thickness between 14 and 51 mm (0.55 and 2 in.) approximately equal amounts shall be machined from each surface. For thicker sheets
both surfaces of the specimen shall be machined, and the location of the specimen with reference to the original thickness of the sheet shall be noted. Tolerances on
thickness less than 14 mm (0.55 in.) shall be those standard for the grade of material tested.
B For the Type IV specimen, the internal width of the narrow section of the die shall be 6.00 6 0.05 mm (0.250 6 0.002 in.). The dimensions are essentially those of
Die C in Test Methods D412.
C The Type V specimen shall be machined or die cut to the dimensions shown, or molded in a mold whose cavity has these dimensions. The dimensions shall be:
W = 3.18 6 0.03 mm (0.125 6 0.001 in.),
L = 9.53 6 0.08 mm (0.375 6 0.003 in.),
G = 7.62 6 0.02 mm (0.300 6 0.001 in.), and
R = 12.7 6 0.08 mm (0.500 6 0.003 in.).
The other tolerances are those in the table.
D Supporting data on the introduction of the L specimen of Test Method D1822 as the Type V specimen are available from ASTM Headquarters. Request RR:D20-1038.
E The width at the center Wc shall be +0.00 mm, −0.10 mm ( +0.000 in., −0.004 in.) compared with width W at other parts of the reduced section. Any reduction in W
at the center shall be gradual, equally on each side so that no abrupt changes in dimension result.
F For molded specimens, a draft of not over 0.13 mm (0.005 in.) may be allowed for either Type I or II specimens 3.2 mm (0.13 in.) in thickness, and this should be taken
into account when calculating width of the specimen. Thus a typical section of a molded Type I specimen, having the maximum allowable draft, could be as follows:
G Overall widths greater than the minimum indicated may be desirable for some materials in order to avoid breaking in the grips.
H Overall lengths greater than the minimum indicated may be desirable either to avoid breaking in the grips or to satisfy special test requirements.
I Test marks or initial extensometer span.
J When self-tightening grips are used, for highly extensible polymers, the distance between grips will depend upon the types of grips used and may not be critical if
maintained uniform once chosen.
FIG. 1 Tension Test Specimens for Sheet, Plate, and Molded Plastics
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6.3 Rigid Rods—The test specimen for rigid rods shall be as
shown in Fig. 3. The length, L, shall be as shown in the table
in Fig. 3. A groove shall be machined around the specimen at
the center of its length so that the diameter of the machined
portion shall be 60 % of the original nominal diameter. This
groove shall consist of a straight section 57.2 mm (2.25 in.) in
length with a radius of 76 mm (3 in.) at each end joining it to
the outside diameter.
6.4 All surfaces of the specimen shall be free of visible
flaws, scratches, or imperfections. Marks left by coarse ma-
chining operations shall be carefully removed with a fine file or
DIMENSIONS OF TUBE SPECIMENS
Nominal Wall
Thickness
Length of Radial
Sections,
2R.S.
Total Calculated
Minimum
Length of Specimen
Standard Length, L,
of Specimen to Be
Used for 89-mm
(3.5-in.) JawsA
mm (in.)
0.79 (1⁄32) 13.9 (0.547) 350 (13.80) 381 (15)
1.2 (3⁄64) 17.0 (0.670) 354 (13.92) 381 (15)
1.6 (1⁄16) 19.6 (0.773) 356 (14.02) 381 (15)
2.4 (3⁄32) 24.0 (0.946) 361 (14.20) 381 (15)
3.2 (1⁄8) 27.7 (1.091) 364 (14.34) 381 (15)
4.8 (3⁄16) 33.9 (1.333) 370 (14.58) 381 (15)
6.4 (1⁄4) 39.0 (1.536) 376 (14.79) 400 (15.75)
7.9 (5⁄16) 43.5 (1.714) 380 (14.96) 400 (15.75)
9.5 (3⁄8) 47.6 (1.873) 384 (15.12) 400 (15.75)
11.1 (7⁄16) 51.3 (2.019) 388 (15.27) 400 (15.75)
12.7 (1⁄2) 54.7 (2.154) 391 (15.40) 419 (16.5)
A For other jaws greater than 89 mm (3.5 in.), the standard length shall be
increased by twice the length of the jaws minus 178 mm (7 in.). The standard
length permits a slippage of approximately 6.4 to 12.7 mm (0.25 to 0.50 in.) in each
jaw while maintaining the maximum length of the jaw grip.
FIG. 2 Diagram Showing Location of Tube Tension Test
Specimens in Testing Machine
DIMENSIONS OF ROD SPECIMENS
Nominal Diam-
eter
Length of Radial
Sections, 2R.S.
Total Calculated
Minimum
Length of Specimen
Standard Length, L, of
Specimen to Be Used
for 89-mm (31⁄2-in.)
JawsA
mm (in.)
3.2 (1⁄8) 19.6 (0.773) 356 (14.02) 381 (15)
4.7 (1⁄16) 24.0 (0.946) 361 (14.20) 381 (15)
6.4 (1⁄4) 27.7 (1.091) 364 (14.34) 381 (15)
9.5 (3⁄8) 33.9 (1.333) 370 (14.58) 381 (15)
12.7 (1⁄2) 39.0 (1.536) 376 (14.79) 400 (15.75)
15.9 (5⁄8) 43.5 (1.714) 380 (14.96) 400 (15.75)
19.0 (3⁄4) 47.6 (1.873) 384 (15.12) 400 (15.75)
22.2 (7⁄8) 51.5 (2.019) 388 (15.27) 400 (15.75)
25.4 (1) 54.7 (2.154) 391 (15.40) 419 (16.5)
31.8 (11⁄4) 60.9 (2.398) 398 (15.65) 419 (16.5)
38.1 (11⁄2) 66.4 (2.615) 403 (15.87) 419 (16.5)
42.5 (13⁄4) 71.4 (2.812) 408 (16.06) 419 (16.5)
50.8 (2) 76.0 (2.993) 412 (16.24) 432 (17)
A For other jaws greater than 89 mm (3.5 in.), the standard length shall be
increased by twice the length of the jaws minus 178 mm (7 in.). The standard
length permits a slippage of approximately 6.4 to 12.7 mm (0.25 to 0.50 in.) in each
jaw while maintaining the maximum length of the jaw grip.
FIG. 3 Diagram Showing Location of Rod Tension Test Specimen
in Testing Machine
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abrasive, and the filed surfaces shall then be smoothed with
abrasive paper (No. 00 or finer). The finishing sanding strokes
shall be made in a direction parallel to the long axis of the test
specimen. All flash shall be removed from a molded specimen,
taking great care not to disturb the molded surfaces. In
machining a specimen, undercuts that would exceed the
dimensional tolerances shown in Fig. 1 shall be scrupulously
avoided. Care shall also be taken to avoid other common
machining errors.
6.5 If it is necessary to place gage marks on the specimen,
this shall be done with a wax crayon or India ink that will not
affect the material being tested. Gage marks shall not be
scratched, punched, or impressed on the specimen.
6.6 When testing materials that are suspected of anisotropy,
duplicate sets of test specimens shall be prepared, having their
long axes respectively parallel with, and normal to, the
suspected direction of anisotropy.
7. Number of Test Specimens
7.1 Test at least five specimens for each sample in the case
of isotropic materials.
7.2 Test ten specimens, five normal to, and five parallel
with, the principle axis of anisotropy, for each sample in the
case of anisotropic materials.
7.3 Discard specimens that break at some flaw, or that break
outside of the narrow cross-sectional test section (Fig. 1,
dimension “L”), and make retests, unless such flaws constitute
a variable to be studied.
NOTE 10—Before testing, all transparent specimens should be inspected
in a polariscope. Those which show atypical or concentrated strain
patterns should be rejected, unless the effects of these residual strains
constitute a variable to be studied.
8. Speed of Testing
8.1 Speed of testing shall be the relative rate of motion of
the grips or test fixtures during the test. The rate of motion of
the driven grip or fixture when the testing machine is running
idle may be used, if it can be shown that the resulting speed of
testing is within the limits of variation allowed.
8.2 Choose the speed of testing from Table 1. Determine
this chosen speed of testing by the specification for the material
being tested, or by agreement between those concerned. When
the speed is not specified, use the lowest speed shown in Table
1 for the specimen geometry being used, which gives rupture
within 1⁄2 to 5-min testing time.
8.3 Modulus determinations may be made at the speed
selected for the other tensile properties when the recorder
response and resolution are adequate.
9. Conditioning
9.1 Conditioning—Condition the test specimens in accor-
dance with Procedure A of Practice D618, unless otherwise
specified by contract or the relevant ASTM material specifica-
tion. Conditioning time is specified as a minimum. Tempera-
ture and humidity tolerances shall be in accordance with
Section 7 of Practice D618 unless specified differently by
contract or material specification.
9.2 Test Conditions—Conduct the tests at the same tempera-
ture and humidity used for conditioning with tolerances in
accordance with Section 7 of Practice D618, unless otherwise
specified by contract or the relevant ASTM material specifica-
tion.
10. Procedure
10.1 Measure the width and thickness of each specimen to
the nearest 0.025 mm (0.001 in.) using the applicable test
methods in D5947.
10.1.1 Measure the width and thickness of flat specimens at
the center of each specimen and within 5 mm of each end of the
gage length.
10.1.2 Injection molded specimen dimensions may be de-
termined by actual measurement of only one specimen from
each sample when it has previously been demonstrated that the
specimen-to-specimen variation in width and thickness is less
than 1 %.
10.1.3 Take the width of specimens produced by a Type IV
die as the distance between the cutting edges of the die in the
narrow section.
10.1.4 Measure the diameter of rod specimens, and the
inside and outside diameters of tube specimens, to the nearest
0.025 mm (0.001 in.) at a minimum of two points 90° apart;
make these measurements along the groove for specimens so
constructed. Use plugs in testing tube specimens, as shown in
Fig. 2.
TABLE 1 Designations for Speed of TestingA
ClassificationB Specimen Type Speed of Testing,
mm/min (in./min)
Nominal
StrainC Rate at
Start of Test,
mm/mm· min
(in./in.·min)
Rigid and Semirigid I, II, III rods and
tubes
5 (0.2) 6 25 % 0.1
50 (2) 6 10 % 1
500 (20) 6 10 % 10
IV 5 (0.2) 6 25 % 0.15
50 (2) 6 10 % 1.5
500 (20) 6 10 % 15
V 1 (0.05) 6 25 % 0.1
10 (0.5) 6 25 % 1
100 (5)6 25 % 10
Nonrigid III 50 (2) 6 10 % 1
500 (20) 6 10 % 10
IV 50 (2) 6 10 % 1.5
500 (20) 6 10 % 15
A Select the lowest speed that produces rupture in 1⁄2 to 5 min for the specimen
geometry being used (see 8.2).
B See Terminology D883 for definitions.
C The initial rate of straining cannot be calculated exactly for dumbbell-shaped
specimens because of extension, both in the reduced section outside the gage
length and in the fillets. This initial strain rate can be measured from the initial slope
of the tensile strain-versus-time diagram.
TABLE 2 Modulus, 106 psi, for Eight Laboratories, Five Materials
Mean Sr SR Ir IR
Polypropylene 0.210 0.0089 0.071 0.025 0.201
Cellulose acetate butyrate 0.246 0.0179 0.035 0.051 0.144
Acrylic 0.481 0.0179 0.063 0.051 0.144
Glass-reinforced nylon 1.17 0.0537 0.217 0.152 0.614
Glass-reinforced polyester 1.39 0.0894 0.266 0.253 0.753
D638 – 10
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10.2 Place the specimen in the grips of the testing machine,
taking care to align the long axis of the specimen and the grips
with an imaginary line joining the points of attachment of the
grips to the machine. The distance between the ends of the
gripping surfaces, when using flat specimens, shall be as
indicated in Fig. 1. On tube and rod specimens, the location for
the grips shall be as shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3. Tighten the
grips evenly and firmly to the degree necessary to prevent
slippage of the specimen during the test, but not to the point
where the specimen would be crushed.
10.3 Attach the extension indicator. When modulus is being
determined, a Class B-2 or better extensometer is required (see
5.2.1).
NOTE 11—Modulus of materials is determined from the slope of the
linear portion of the stress-strain curve. For most plastics, this linear
portion is very small, occurs very rapidly, and must be recorded automati-
cally. The change in jaw separation is never to be used for calculating
modulus or elongation.
10.4 Set the speed of testing at the proper rate as required in
Section 8, and start the machine.
10.5 Record the load-extension curve of the specimen.
10.6 Record the load and extension at the yield point (if one
exists) and the load and extension at the moment of rupture.
NOTE 12—If it is desired to measure both modulus and failure proper-
ties (yield or break, or both), it may be necessary, in the case of highly
extensible materials, to run two independent tests. The high magnification
extensometer normally used to determine properties up to the yield point
may not be suitable for tests involving high extensibility. If allowed to
remain attached to the specimen, the extensometer could be permanently
damaged. A broad-range incremental extensometer or hand-rule technique
may be needed when such materials are taken to rupture.
11. Calculation
11.1 Toe compensation shall be made in accordance with
Annex A1, unless it can be shown that the toe region of the
curve is not due to the take-up of slack, seating of the
specimen, or other artifact, but rather is an authentic material
response.
11.2 Tensile Strength—Calculate the tensile strength by
dividing the maximum load in newtons (pounds-force) by the
average original cross-sectional area in the gage length seg-
ment of the specimen in square metres (square inches). Express
the result in pascals (pounds-force per square inch) and report
it to three significant figures as tensile strength at yield or
tensile strength at break, whichever term is applicable. When a
nominal yield or break load less than the maximum is present
and applicable, it may be desirable also to calculate, in a
similar manner, the corresponding tensile stress at yield or
tensile stress at break and report it to three significant figures
(see Note A2.8).
11.3 Elongation values are valid and are reported in cases
where uniformity of deformation within the specimen gage
length is present. Elongation values are quantitatively relevant
and appropriate for engineering design. When non-uniform
deformation (such as necking) occurs within the specimen gage
length nominal strain values are reported. Nominal strain
values are of qualitative utility only.
11.3.1 Percent Elongation—Percent elongation is the
change in gage length relative to the original specimen gage
length, expressed as a percent. Percent elongation is calculated
using the apparatus described in 5.2.
11.3.1.1 Percent Elongation at Yield—Calculate the percent
elongation at yield by reading the extension (change in gage
length) at the yield point. Divide that extension by the original
gage length and multiply by 100.
11.3.1.2 Percent Elongation at Break—Calculate the per-
cent elongation at break by reading the extension (change in
gage length) at the point of specimen rupture. Divide that
extension by the original gage length and multiply by 100.
11.3.2 Nominal Strain—Nominal strain is the change in grip
separation relative to the original grip separation expressed as
a percent. Nominal strain is calculated using the apparatus
described in 5.1.7.
11.3.2.1 Nominal strain at break—Calculate the nominal
strain at break by reading the extension (change in grip
separation) at the point of rupture. Divide that extension by the
original grip separation and multiply by 100.
11.4 Modulus of Elasticity—Calculate the modulus of elas-
ticity by extending the initial linear portion of the load-
extension curve and dividing the difference in stress corre-
sponding to any segment of section on this straight line by the
corresponding difference in strain. All elastic modulus values
shall be computed using the average original cross-sectional
area in the gage length segment of the specimen in the
calculations. The result shall be expressed in pascals (pounds-
force per square inch) and reported to three significant figures.
11.5 Secant Modulus—At a designated strain, this shall be
calculated by dividing the corresponding stress (nominal) by
the designated strain. Elastic modulus values are preferable and
shall be calculated whenever possible. However, for materials
where no proportionality is evident, the secant value shall be
calculated. Draw the tangent as directed in A1.3 and Fig. A1.2,
and mark off the designated strain from the yield point where
the tangent line goes through zero stress. The stress to be used
in the calculation is then determined by dividing the load-
extension curve by the original average cross-sectional area of
the specimen.
11.6 For each series of tests, calculate the arithmetic mean
of all values obtained and report it as the “average value” for
the particular property in question.
11.7 Calculate the standard deviation (estimated) as follows
and report it to two significant figures:
s 5 =~(X 2 2 nX¯ 2! / ~n 2 1! (1)
where:
s = estimated standard deviation,
X = value of single observation,
n = number of observations, and
X¯ = arithmetic mean of the set of observations.
11.8 See Annex A1 for information on toe compensation.
12. Report
12.1 Report the following information:
12.1.1 Complete identification of the material tested, includ-
ing type, source, manufacturer’s code numbers, form, principal
dimensions, previous history, etc.,
12.1.2 Method of preparing test specimens,
D638 – 10
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12.1.3 Type of test specimen and dimensions,
12.1.4 Conditioning procedure used,
12.1.5 Atmospheric conditions in test room,
12.1.6 Number of specimens tested,
12.1.7 Speed of testing,
12.1.8 Classification of extensometers used. A description
of measuring technique and calculations employed instead of a
minimum Class-C extensometer system,
12.1.9 Tensile strength at yield or break, average value, and
standard deviation,
12.1.10 Tensile stress at yield or break, if applicable,
average value, and standard deviation,
12.1.11 Percent elongation at yield, or break, or nominal
strain at break, or all three, as applicable, average value, and
standard deviation,
12.1.12 Modulus of elasticity or secant modulus, average
value, and standard deviation,
12.1.13 If measured, Poisson’s ratio, average value, stan-
dard deviation, and statement of whether there was proportion-
ality within the strain range,
12.1.14 Date of test, and
12.1.15 Revision date of Test Method D638.
13. Precision and Bias 5
13.1 Precision—Tables 2-4 are based on a round-robin test
conducted in 1984, involving five materials tested by eight
laboratories using the Type I specimen, all of nominal 0.125-in.
5 Supporting data are available from ASTM Headquarters. Request RR:D20-
1125 for the 1984 round robin and RR:D20-1170 for the 1988 round robin.
FIG. 4 Plot of Strains Versus Load for Determination of Poisson’s Ratio
TABLE 3 Tensile Strength at Break, 103 psi, for Eight
Laboratories, Five MaterialsA
Mean Sr SR Ir IR
Polypropylene 2.97 1.54 1.65 4.37 4.66
Cellulose acetate butyrate 4.82 0.058 0.180 0.164 0.509
Acrylic 9.09 0.452 0.751 1.27 2.13
Glass-reinforced polyester 20.8 0.233 0.437 0.659 1.24
Glass-reinforced nylon 23.6 0.277 0.698 0.784 1.98
A Tensile strength and elongation at break values obtained for unreinforced
propylene plastics generally are highly variable due to inconsistencies in necking
or “drawing” of the center section of the test bar. Since tensile strength and
elongation at yield are more reproducible and relate in most cases to the practical
usefulness of a molded part, they are generally recommended for specification
purposes.
TABLE 4 Elongation at Break, %, for Eight Laboratories, Five
MaterialsA
Mean Sr SR Ir IR
Glass-reinforced polyester 3.68 0.20 2.33 0.570 6.59
Glass-reinforced nylon 3.87 0.10 2.13 0.283 6.03
Acrylic 13.2 2.05 3.65 5.80 10.3
Cellulose acetate butyrate 14.1 1.87 6.62 5.29 18.7
Polypropylene 293.0 50.9 119.0 144.0 337.0
A Tensile strength and elongation at break values obtained for unreinforced
propylene plastics generally are highly variable due to inconsistencies in necking
or “drawing” of the center section of the test bar. Since tensile strength and
elongation at yield are more reproducible and relate in most cases to the practical
usefulness of a molded part, they are generally recommended for specification
purposes.
TABLE 5 Tensile Yield Strength, for Ten Laboratories, Eight
Materials
Material
Test
Speed,
in./min
Values Expressed in psi Units
Average Sr SR r R
LDPE 20 1544 52.4 64.0 146.6 179.3
LDPE 20 1894 53.1 61.2 148.7 171.3
LLDPE 20 1879 74.2 99.9 207.8 279.7
LLDPE 20 1791 49.2 75.8 137.9 212.3
LLDPE 20 2900 55.5 87.9 155.4 246.1
LLDPE 20 1730 63.9 96.0 178.9 268.7
HDPE 2 4101 196.1 371.9 549.1 1041.3
HDPE 2 3523 175.9 478.0 492.4 1338.5
TABLE 6 Tensile Stress at Yield, 103 psi, for Eight Laboratories,
Three Materials
Mean Sr SR Ir IR
Polypropylene 3.63 0.022 0.161 0.062 0.456
Cellulose acetate butyrate 5.01 0.058 0.227 0.164 0.642
Acrylic 10.4 0.067 0.317 0.190 0.897
D638 – 10
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thickness. Each test result was based on five individual
determinations. Each laboratory obtained two test results for
each material.
13.1.1 Tables 5-10 are based on a round-robin test con-
ducted by the polyolefin subcommittee in 1988, involving eight
polyethylene materials tested in ten laboratories. For each
material, all samples were molded at one source, but the
individual specimens were prepared at the laboratories that
tested them. Each test result was the average of five individual
determinations. Each laboratory obtained three test results for
each material. Data from some laboratories could not be used
for various reasons, and this is noted in each table.
13.1.2 Table 11 is based on a repeatability study involving a
single laboratory. The two materials used were unfilled
polypropylene types. Measurements were performed by a
single technician on a single day. Each test result is an
individual determination. Testing was run using two Type B-1
extensometers for transverse and axial measurements at a test
speed of 5 mm/min.
13.1.3 In Tables 2-11, for the materials indicated, and for
test results that derived from testing five specimens:
13.1.3.1 Sr is the within-laboratory standard deviation of
the average; Ir = 2.83 Sr. (See 13.1.3.3 for application of Ir.)
13.1.3.2 SR is the between-laboratory standard deviation of
the average; IR = 2.83 SR. (See 13.1.3.4 for application of IR.)
13.1.3.3 Repeatability—In comparing two test results for
the same material, obtained by the same operator using the
same equipment on the same day, those test results should be
judged not equivalent if they differ by more than the Ir value
for that material and condition.
13.1.3.4 Reproducibility—In comparing two test results for
the same material, obtained by different operators using differ-
ent equipment on different days, those test results should be
judged not equivalent if they differ by more than the IR value
for that material and condition. (This applies between different
laboratories or between different equipment within the same
laboratory.)
13.1.3.5 Any judgment in accordance with 13.1.3.3 and
13.1.3.4 will have an approximate 95 % (0.95) probability of
being correct.
13.1.3.6 Other formulations may give somewhat different
results.
13.1.3.7 For further information on the methodology used in
this section, see Practice E691.
13.1.3.8 The precision of this test method is very dependent
upon the uniformity of specimen preparation, standard prac-
tices for which are covered in other documents.
13.2 Bias—There are no recognized standards on which to
base an estimate of bias for this test method.
14. Keywords
14.1 modulus of elasticity; percent elongation; plastics;
tensile properties; tensile strength
TABLE 7 Elongation at Yield, %, for Eight Laboratories, Three
Materials
Mean Sr SR Ir IR
Cellulose acetate butyrate 3.65 0.27 0.62 0.76 1.75
Acrylic 4.89 0.21 0.55 0.59 1.56
Polypropylene 8.79 0.45 5.86 1.27 16.5
TABLE 8 Tensile Yield Elongation, for Eight Laboratories, Eight
Materials
Material
Test
Speed,
in./min
Values Expressed in Percent Units
Average Sr SR r R
LDPE 20 17.0 1.26 3.16 3.52 8.84
LDPE 20 14.6 1.02 2.38 2.86 6.67
LLDPE 20 15.7 1.37 2.85 3.85 7.97
LLDPE 20 16.6 1.59 3.30 4.46 9.24
LLDPE 20 11.7 1.27 2.88 3.56 8.08
LLDPE 20 15.2 1.27 2.59 3.55 7.25
HDPE 2 9.27 1.40 2.84 3.91 7.94
HDPE 2 9.63 1.23 2.75 3.45 7.71
TABLE 9 Tensile Break Strength, for Nine Laboratories, Six
Materials
Material
Test
Speed,
in./min
Values Expressed in psi Units
Average Sr SR r R
LDPE 20 1592 52.3 74.9 146.4 209.7
LDPE 20 1750 66.6 102.9 186.4 288.1
LLDPE 20 4379 127.1 219.0 355.8 613.3
LLDPE 20 2840 78.6 143.5 220.2 401.8
LLDPE 20 1679 34.3 47.0 95.96 131.6
LLDPE 20 2660 119.1 166.3 333.6 465.6
TABLE 10 Tensile Break Elongation, for Nine Laboratories, Six
Materials
Material
Test
Speed,
in./min
Values Expressed in Percent Units
Average Sr SR r R
LDPE 20 567 31.5 59.5 88.2 166.6
LDPE 20 569 61.5 89.2 172.3 249.7
LLDPE 20 890 25.7 113.8 71.9 318.7
LLDPE 20 64.4 6.68 11.7 18.7 32.6
LLDPE 20 803 25.7 104.4 71.9 292.5
LLDPE 20 782 41.6 96.7 116.6 270.8
TABLE 11 Poisson’s Ratio Repeatability Data for One Laboratory
and Two Polypropylene Materials
Materials Values Expressed as a Dimensionless RatioAverage Sr r
PP #1 Chord 0.412 0.009 0.026
PP #1 Least Squares 0.413 0.011 0.032
PP #2 Chord 0.391 0.009 0.026
PP #2 Least Squares 0.392 0.010 0.028
D638 – 10
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ANNEXES
(Mandatory Information)
A1. TOE COMPENSATION
A1.1 In a typical stress-strain curve (Fig. A1.1) there is a
toe region, AC, that does not represent a property of the
material. It is an artifact caused by a takeup of slack and
alignment or seating of the specimen. In order to obtain correct
values of such parameters as modulus, strain, and offset yield
point, this artifact must be compensated for to give the
corrected zero point on the strain or extension axis.
A1.2 In the case of a material exhibiting a region of
Hookean (linear) behavior (Fig. A1.1), a continuation of the
linear (CD) region of the curve is constructed through the
zero-stress axis. This intersection (B) is the corrected zero-
strain point from which all extensions or strains must be
measured, including the yield offset (BE), if applicable. The
elastic modulus can be determined by dividing the stress at any
point along the line CD (or its extension) by the strain at the
same point (measured from Point B, defined as zero-strain).
A1.3 In the case of a material that does not exhibit any
linear region (Fig. A1.2), the same kind of toe correction of the
zero-strain point can be made by constructing a tangent to the
maximum slope at the inflection point (H8). This is extended to
intersect the strain axis at Point B8, the corrected zero-strain
point. Using Point B8 as zero strain, the stress at any point (G8)
on the curve can be divided by the strain at that point to obtain
a secant modulus (slope of Line B8 G8). For those materials
with no linear region, any attempt to use the tangent through
the inflection point as a basis for determination of an offset
yield point may result in unacceptable error.
A2. DEFINITIONS OF TERMS AND SYMBOLS RELATING TO TENSION TESTING OF PLASTICS
A2.1 elastic limit—the greatest stress which a material is
capable of sustaining without any permanent strain remaining
upon complete release of the stress. It is expressed in force per
unit area, usually megapascals (pounds-force per square inch).
NOTE A2.1—Measured values of proportional limit and elastic limit
vary greatly with the sensitivity and accuracy of the testing equipment,
eccentricity of loading, the scale to which the stress-strain diagram is
plotted, and other factors. Consequently, these values are usually replaced
by yield strength.
A2.2 elongation—the increase in length produced in the
gage length of the test specimen by a tensile load. It is
expressed in units of length, usually millimetres (inches). (Also
known as extension.)
NOTE A2.2—Elongation and strain values are valid only in cases where
uniformity of specimen behavior within the gage length is present. In the
case of materials exhibiting necking phenomena, such values are only of
qualitative utility after attainment of yield point. This is due to inability to
ensure that necking will encompass the entire length between the gage
marks prior to specimen failure.
A2.3 gage length—the original length of that portion of the
NOTE 1—Some chart recorders plot the mirror image of this graph.
FIG. A1.1 Material with Hookean Region
NOTE 1—Some chart recorders plot the mirror image of this graph.
FIG. A1.2 Material with No Hookean Region
D638 – 10
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specimen over which strain or change in length is determined.
A2.4 modulus of elasticity—the ratio of stress (nominal) to
corresponding strain below the proportional limit of a material.
It is expressed in force per unit area, usually megapascals
(pounds-force per square inch). (Also known as elastic modu-
lus or Young’s modulus).
NOTE A2.3—The stress-strain relations of many plastics do not con-
form to Hooke’s law throughout the elastic range but deviate therefrom
even at stresses well below the elastic limit. For such materials the slope
of the tangent to the stress-strain curve at a low stress is usually taken as
the modulus of elasticity. Since the existence of a true proportional limit
in plastics is debatable, the propriety of applying the term “modulus of
elasticity” to describe the stiffness or rigidity of a plastic has been
seriously questioned. The exact stress-strain characteristics of plastic
materials are very dependent on such factors as rate of stressing,
temperature, previous specimen history, etc. However, such a value is
useful if its arbitrary nature and dependence on time, temperature, and
other factors are realized.
A2.5 necking—the localized reduction in cross section
which may occur in a material under tensile stress.
A2.6 offset yield strength—the stress at which the strain
exceeds by a specified amount (the offset) an extension of the
initial proportional portion of the stress-strain curve. It is
expressed in force per unit area, usually megapascals (pounds-
force per square inch).
NOTE A2.4—This measurement is useful for materials whose stress-
strain curve in the yield range is of gradual curvature. The offset yield
strength can be derived from a stress-strain curve as follows (Fig. A2.1):
On the strain axis lay off OM equal to the specified offset.
Draw OA tangent to the initial straight-line portion of the stress-strain
curve.
Through M draw a line MN parallel to OA and locate the intersection of
MN with the stress-strain curve.
The stress at the point of intersection r is the “offset yield strength.” The
specified value of the offset must be stated as a percent of the original gage
length in conjunction with the strength value. Example: 0.1 % offset yield
strength = ... MPa (psi), or yield strength at 0.1 % offset ... MPa (psi).
A2.7 percent elongation—the elongation of a test specimen
expressed as a percent of the gage length.
A2.8 percent elongation at break and yield:
A2.8.1 percent elongation at break—the percent elongation
at the moment of rupture of the test specimen.
A2.8.2 percent elongation at yield—the percent elongation
at the moment the yield point (A2.22) is attained in the test
specimen.
A2.9 percent reduction of area (nominal)—the difference
between the original cross-sectional area measured at the point
of rupture after breaking and after all retraction has ceased,
expressed as a percent of the original area.
A2.10 percent reduction of area (true)—the difference
between the original cross-sectional area of the test specimen
and the minimum cross-sectional area within the gage bound-
aries prevailing at the moment of rupture, expressed as a
percentage of the original area.
A2.11 Poisson’s Ratio—The absolute value of the ratio of
transverse strain to the corresponding axial strain resulting
from uniformly distributed axial stress below the proportional
limit of the material.
A2.12 proportional limit—the greatest stress which a
material is capable of sustaining without any deviation from
proportionality of stress to strain (Hooke’s law). It is expressed
in force per unit area, usually megapascals (pounds-force per
square inch).
A2.13 rate of loading—the change in tensile load carried
by the specimen per unit time. It is expressed in force per unit
time, usually newtons (pounds-force) per minute. The initial
rate of loading can be calculated from the initial slope of the
load versus time diagram.
A2.14 rate of straining—the change in tensile strain per
unit time. It is expressed either as strain per unit time, usually
metres per metre (inches per inch) per minute, or percent
elongation per unit time, usually percent elongation per minute.
The initial rate of straining can be calculated from the initial
slope of the tensile strain versus time diagram.
NOTE A2.5—The initial rate of straining is synonymous with the rate of
crosshead movement divided by the initial distance between crossheads
only in a machine with constant rate of crosshead movement and when the
specimen has a uniform original cross section, does not “neck down,” and
does not slip in the jaws.
A2.15 rate of stressing (nominal)—the change in tensile
stress (nominal) per unit time. It is expressed in force per unit
area per unit time, usually megapascals (pounds-force per
square inch) per minute. The initial rate of stressing can be
calculated from the initial slope of the tensile stress (nominal)
versus time diagram.
NOTE A2.6—The initial rate of stressing as determined in this manner
has only limited physical significance. It does, however, roughly describe
the average rate at which the initial stress (nominal) carried by the test
specimen is applied. It is affected by the elasticity and flow characteristics
of the materials being tested. At the yield point, the rate of stressing (true)
may continue to have a positive value if the cross-sectional area is
decreasing.FIG. A2.1 Offset Yield Strength
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A2.16 secant modulus—the ratio of stress (nominal) to
corresponding strain at any specified point on the stress-strain
curve. It is expressed in force per unit area, usually megapas-
cals (pounds-force per square inch), and reported together with
the specified stress or strain.
NOTE A2.7—This measurement is usually employed in place of modu-
lus of elasticity in the case of materials whose stress-strain diagram does
not demonstrate proportionality of stress to strain.
A2.17 strain—the ratio of the elongation to the gage length
of the test specimen, that is, the change in length per unit of
original length. It is expressed as a dimensionless ratio.
A2.17.1 nominal strain at break—the strain at the moment
of rupture relative to the original grip separation.
A2.18 tensile strength (nominal)—the maximum tensile
stress (nominal) sustained by the specimen during a tension
test. When the maximum stress occurs at the yield point
(A2.22), it shall be designated tensile strength at yield. When
the maximum stress occurs at break, it shall be designated
tensile strength at break.
A2.19 tensile stress (nominal)—the tensile load per unit
area of minimum original cross section, within the gage
boundaries, carried by the test specimen at any given moment.
It is expressed in force per unit area, usually megapascals
(pounds-force per square inch).
NOTE A2.8—The expression of tensile properties in terms of the
minimum original cross section is almost universally used in practice. In
the case of materials exhibiting high extensibility or necking, or both
(A2.16), nominal stress calculations may not be meaningful beyond the
yield point (A2.22) due to the extensive reduction in cross-sectional area
that ensues. Under some circumstances it may be desirable to express the
tensile properties per unit of minimum prevailing cross section. These
properties are called true tensile properties (that is, true tensile stress, etc.).
A2.20 tensile stress-strain curve—a diagram in which
values of tensile stress are plotted as ordinates against corre-
sponding values of tensile strain as abscissas.
A2.21 true strain (see Fig. A2.2) is defined by the follow-
ing equation for ´T:
´T 5 *Lo
L
dL/L 5 ln L/Lo (A2.1)
where:
dL = increment of elongation when the distance between
the gage marks is L,
Lo = original distance between gage marks, and
L = distance between gage marks at any time.
A2.22 yield point—the first point on the stress-strain curve
at which an increase in strain occurs without an increase in
stress (Fig. A2.2).
NOTE A2.9—Only materials whose stress-strain curves exhibit a point
of zero slope may be considered as having a yield point.
NOTE A2.10—Some materials exhibit a distinct “break” or discontinu-
ity in the stress-strain curve in the elastic region. This break is not a yield
point by definition. However, this point may prove useful for material
characterization in some cases.
A2.23 yield strength—the stress at which a material exhib-
its a specified limiting deviation from the proportionality of
stress to strain. Unless otherwise specified, this stress will be
the stress at the yield point and when expressed in relation to
the tensile strength shall be designated either tensile strength at
yield or tensile stress at yield as required in A2.18 (Fig. A2.3).
(See offset yield strength.)
FIG. A2.2 Illustration of True Strain Equation FIG. A2.3 Tensile Designations
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A2.24 Symbols—The following symbols may be used for
the above terms:
Symbol Term
W Load
DW Increment of load
L Distance between gage marks at any time
Lo Original distance between gage marks
Lu Distance between gage marks at moment of rupture
DL Increment of distance between gage marks = elongation
A Minimum cross-sectional area at any time
Ao Original cross-sectional area
DA Increment of cross-sectional area
Au Cross-sectional area at point of rupture measured after
breaking specimen
AT Cross-sectional area at point of rupture, measured at the
moment of rupture
t Time
Dt Increment of time
s Tensile stress
Ds Increment of stress
sT True tensile stress
sU Tensile strength at break (nominal)
sUT Tensile strength at break (true)
´ Strain
D´ Increment of strain
´U Total strain, at break
´T True strain
%El Percentage elongation
Y.P. Yield point
E Modulus of elasticity
A2.25 Relations between these various terms may be
defined as follows:
s = W/Ao
sT = W/A
sU = W/Ao(where W is breaking load)
sUT = W/AT(where W is breaking load)
´ = DL/Lo = (L − Lo)/Lo
´U = (Lu − Lo)/Lo
´T = *Lo
L dL/L 5 ln L/Lo
%El = [(L − Lo)/Lo] 3 100 = ´ 3 100
Percent reduction of area (nominal) = [(Ao − Au)/Ao] 3 100
Percent reduction of area (true) = [(Ao − AT)/Ao] 3 100
Rate of loading = DW/Dt
Rate of stressing (nominal) = Ds/D = (DW]/Ao)/Dt
Rate of straining = D´/Dt = (DL/Lo)Dt
For the case where the volume of the test specimen does not
change during the test, the following three relations hold:
sT 5 s~1 1 ´! 5 sL/Lo (A2.2)
sUT 5 sU ~1 1 ´U! 5 sU Lu /Lo
A 5 Ao /~1 1 ´!
A3. MEASUREMENT OF POISSON’S RATIO
A3.1 Scope
A3.1.1 This test method covers the determination of Pois-
son’s ratio obtained from strains resulting from uniaxial stress
only.
A3.1.2 Test data obtained by this test method are relevant
and appropriate for use in engineering design.
A3.1.3 The values stated in SI units are regarded as the
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
only.
NOTE A3.1—This standard is not equivalent to ISO 527-1.
A3.2 Referenced Documents
A3.2.1 ASTM Standards:2
D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D5947 Test Methods for Physical Dimensions of Solid
Plastics Specimens
E83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Exten-
someter Systems
E132 Test Method for Poisson’s Ratio at Room Tempera-
ture
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
E1012 Practice for Verification of Test Frame and Specimen
Alignment Under Tensile and Compressive Axial Force
Application
A3.2.2 ISO Standard:4
ISO 527–1 Determination of Tensile Properties
A3.3. Terminology
A3.3.1 Definitions—Definitions of terms applying to this
test method appear in Terminology D883 and Annex A2 of this
standard.
A3.4 Significance and Use
A3.4.1 When uniaxial tensile force is applied to a solid, the
solid stretches in the direction of the applied force (axially), but
it also contracts in both dimensions perpendicular to the
applied force. If the solid is homogeneous and isotropic, and
the material remains elastic under the action of the applied
force, the transverse strain bears a constant relationship to the
axial strain. This constant, called Poisson’s ratio, is defined as
the negative ratio of the transverse (negative) to axial strain
under uniaxial stress.
A3.4.2 Poisson’s ratio is used for the design of structures in
which all dimensional changes resulting from the application
of force need to be taken into account and in the application of
the generalized theory of elasticity to structural analysis.
NOTE A3.2—The accuracy of the determination of Poisson’s ratio is
usually limited by the accuracy of the transverse strain measurements
because the percentage errors in these measurements are usually greater
than in the axial strain measurements. Since a ratio rather than an absolute
quantity is measured, it is only necessary to know accurately the relative
value of the calibration factors of the extensometers. Also, in general, the
value of the applied loads need not be known accurately.
A3.5 Apparatus
A3.5.1 Refer to 5.1 and 5.3 of this standard for the require-
ments of the testing machine and micrometers.
D638 – 10
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A3.5.2 For measurement of Poisson’s Ratio use either a
bi-axial extensometer or an axial extensometer in combination
with a transverse extensometer. They must be capable of
recording axial strain and transverse strain simultaneously. The
extensometers shall be capable of measuring the change in
strains with an accuracy of 1 % of the relevant value or better.
NOTE A3.3—Strain gages are used as an alternative method to measure
axial and transverse strain; however, proper techniques for mounting
strain gauges are crucial to obtaining accurate data. Consult strain gauge
suppliers for instruction and training in these special techniques.
A3.6 Test Specimen
A3.6.1 Specimen—The test specimen shall conform to the
dimensions shown in Fig. 1. The Type I specimen is the
preferred specimen and shall be used where sufficient material
having a thickness of 7 mm (0.28 in.) or less is available.
A3.6.2 Preparation—Test specimens shall be prepared by
machining operations, or die cutting, from materials in sheet,
plate, slab, or similar form or be prepared by molding the
material into the specimen shape to be tested.
NOTE A3.4—When preparing specimens from certain composite lami-
nates such as woven roving, or glass cloth, care must be exercised in
cutting the specimens parallel to the reinforcement, unless testing of
specimens in a direction other than parallel with the reinforcement
constitutes a variable being studied.
NOTE A3.5—Specimens prepared by injection molding have different
tensile properties than specimens prepared by machining or die-cutting
because of the orientation induced. This effect is more pronounced in
specimens with narrow sections.
A3.6.3 All surfaces of the specimen shall be free of visible
flaws, scratches, or imperfections. Marks left by coarse ma-
chining operations shall be carefully removed with a fine file or
abrasive, and the filed surfaces shall then be smoothed with
abrasive paper (No. 00 or finer). The finishing sanding strokes
shall be made in a direction parallel to the long axis of the test
specimen. All flash shall be removed from a molded specimen,
taking great care not to disturb the molded surfaces. In
machining a specimen, undercuts that would exceed the
dimensional tolerances shown in Fig. 1 shall be scrupulously
avoided. Care shall also be taken to avoid other common
machining errors.
A3.6.4 If it is necessary to place gage marks on the
specimen, this shall be done with a wax crayon or India ink that
will not affect the material being tested. Gauge marks shall not
be scratched, punched, or impressed on the specimen.
A3.6.5 When testing materials that are suspected of anisot-
ropy, duplicate sets of test specimens shall be prepared, having
their long axes respectively parallel with, and normal to, the
suspected direction of anisotropy.
A3.7 Number of Test Specimens
A3.7.1 Test at least five specimens for each sample in the
case of isotropic materials.
A3.7.2 Test ten specimens, five normal to, and five parallel
with, the principle axis of anisotropy, for each sample in the
case of anisotropic materials.
A3.8 Conditioning
A3.8.1 Specimens shall be conditioned and tested in accor-
dance with the requirement shown in Section 9 of this standard.
A3.9 Procedure
A3.9.1 Measure the width and thickness of each specimen
to the nearest 0.025 mm (0.001 in.) using the applicable test
methods in D5947. Follow the guidelines specified in 10.1.1
and 10.1.2 of this standard.
A3.9.2 Poisson’s Ratio shall be determined at a speed of 5
mm/min.
A3.9.3 Place the specimen in the grips of the testing
machine, taking care to align the long axis of the specimen and
the grips with an imaginary line joining the points of attach-
ment of the grips to the machine. The distance between the
ends of the gripping surfaces, when using flat specimens, shall
be as indicated in Fig. 1. Tighten the grips evenly and firmly to
the degree necessary to prevent slippage of the specimen
during the test, but not to the point where the specimen would
be crushed.
A3.9.4 Attach the biaxial extensometer or the axial and
transverse extensometer combination to the specimen. The
transverse extensometer should be attached to the width of the
specimen.
A3.9.5 Apply a small preload (less than 5 N) to the
specimen at a crosshead speed of 0.1 mm/min. This preload
will eliminate any bending in the specimens.
A3.9.6 Rebalance the extensometers to zero.
A3.9.7 Run the test at 5 mm/min out to a minimum of 0.5 %
strain before removing the extensometers, simultaneously re-
cording the strain readings from the extensometers at the same
applied force. The precision of the value of Poisson’s Ratio
will depend on the number of data points of axial and
transverse strain taken. It is recommended that the data
collection rate for the test be a minimum of 20 points per
second (but preferably higher). This is particularly important
for materials having a non linear stress to strain curve.
A3.9.8 Make the toe compensation in accordance with
Annex A1. Determine the maximum strain (proportional limit)
at which the curve is linear. If this strain is greater than 0.25 %
the Poisson’s Ratio is to be determined anywhere in this linear
portion of the curve below the proportional limit. If the
material does not exhibit a linear stress to strain relationship
the Poisson’s Ratio shall be determined within the axial strain
range of 0.0005 to 0.0025 mm/mm (0.05 to 0.25 %). If the ratio
is determined in this manner it shall be noted in the report that
a region of proportionality of stress to strain was not evident.
NOTE A3.6—A suitable method for determination of linearity of the
stress to strain curve is by making a series of tangent modulus measure-
ments at different axial strain levels. Values equivalent at each strain level
indicate linearity. Values showing a downward trend with increasing strain
level indicate non linearity.
A3.10 Calculation
A3.10.1 Poisson’s Ratio—The axial strain, ´a, indicated by
the axial extensometer, and the transverse strain, ´t, indicated
by the transverse extensometers, are plotted against the applied
load, P, as shown in Fig. 4.
A3.10.1.1 For those materials where there is proportionality
of stress to strain and it is possible to determine a modulus of
elasticity, a straight line is drawn through each set of points
within the load range used for determination of modulus, and
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the slopes d´a / dP and d´t / dP, of those lines are determined.
The use of a least squares method of calculation will reduce
errors resulting from drawing lines. Poisson’s Ratio, |µ|, is then
calculated as follows:
|µ| 5 ~d´t / dP! / ~d´a / dP! (A3.1)
where:
d´t = change in transverse strain,
d´a = change in axial strain, and
dP = change in applied load;
|µ| 5 ~d´t! / ~d´a! (A3.2)
A3.10.1.1.1 The errors that are introduced by drawing a
straight line through the points are reduced by applying the
least squares method.
A3.10.1.2 For those materials where there is no proportion-
ality of stress to strain evident determine the ratio of d´t/ d´a
when d´a = 0.002 (based on axial strain range of 0.0005 to
0.0025 mm/mm) and after toe compensation has been made.
|µ| 5 d´t! / 0.002 (A3.3)
A3.11 Report
A3.11.1 Report the following information:
A3.11.1.1 Complete identification of the material tested,
including type, source, manufacturer’s code numbers, form,
principal dimensions, previous history, etc.,
A3.11.1.2 Method of preparing test specimens,
A3.11.1.3 Type of test specimen and dimensions,
A3.11.1.4 Conditioning procedure used,
A3.11.1.5 Atmospheric conditions in test room,
A3.11.1.6 Number of specimens tested,
A3.11.1.7 Speed of testing,
A3.11.1.8 Classification of extensometers used. A descrip-
tion of measuring technique and calculations employed,
A3.11.1.9 Poisson’s ratio, average value, standard devia-
tion, and statement of whether there was proportionality within
the strain range,
A3.11.1.10 Date of test, and
A3.11.1.11 Revision date of Test Method D618.
A3.12 Precision and Bias
A3.12.1 Precision—The repeatability standard deviation
has been determined to be the following (see Table A3.1.) An
attempt to develop a full precision and bias statement for this
test method will be made at a later date. For this reason, data
on precision and bias cannot be given. Because this test method
does not contain a round-robin based numerical precision and
bias statement, it shall not be used as a referee test method in
case of dispute. Anyone wishing to participate in the develop-
ment of precision and bias data should contact the Chairman,
Subcommittee D20.10 Mechanical Properties, ASTM Interna-
tional, 100 Barr Harbor, West Conshohocken, PA 19428.
A3.13 Keywords
A3.13.1 axial strain; Poisson’s ratio; transverse strain
D638 – 10
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SUMMARY OF CHANGES
Committee D20 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (D638 - 08)
that may impact the use of this standard. (May 15, 2010)
(1) Edited conditioning and test condition clauses.
ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned
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of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.
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COPYRIGHT/).
TABLE A3.1 Poisson’s Ratio Based on One Laboratory
Material Extensometer Type Average VrA VRB rC RD
PP Copolymer 2–point 0.408 0.011 0.031
PP Copolymer 4–point 0.392 0.010 0.028
PP Homopolymer with 20 % Glass 2–point 0.428 0.013 0.036
PP Homopolymer with 20 % Glass 4–point 0.410 0.015 0.042
ASr = within laboratory standard deviation for the indicated material. It is obtained by first pooling the with-laboratory standard deviations of the test results from all the
participating laboratories:
Sr 5 $@~S1!2 1 ~S2!2 1 …… 1 ~Sn!2#/n%1/2
BSR = between-laboratories reproducibility, expressed as standard deviation: SR = [Sr2 + SL2)1/2
Cr = within-laboratory critical interval between two test results = 2.8 3 Sr
DR = between-laboratories critical interval between two test results = 2.8 3 SR
D638 – 10
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Designation: D790 − 10
Standard Test Methods for
Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics
and Electrical Insulating Materials1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D790; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of flexural
properties of unreinforced and reinforced plastics, including
high-modulus composites and electrical insulating materials in
the form of rectangular bars molded directly or cut from sheets,
plates, or molded shapes. These test methods are generally
applicable to both rigid and semirigid materials. However,
flexural strength cannot be determined for those materials that
do not break or that do not fail in the outer surface of the test
specimen within the 5.0 % strain limit of these test methods.
These test methods utilize a three-point loading system applied
to a simply supported beam. A four-point loading system
method can be found in Test Method D6272.
1.1.1 Procedure A, designed principally for materials that
break at comparatively small deflections.
1.1.2 Procedure B, designed particularly for those materials
that undergo large deflections during testing.
1.1.3 Procedure A shall be used for measurement of flexural
properties, particularly flexural modulus, unless the material
specification states otherwise. Procedure B may be used for
measurement of flexural strength only. Tangent modulus data
obtained by Procedure A tends to exhibit lower standard
deviations than comparable data obtained by means of Proce-
dure B.
1.2 Comparative tests may be run in accordance with either
procedure, provided that the procedure is found satisfactory for
the material being tested.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
standard. The values provided in parentheses are for informa-
tion only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
NOTE 1—These test methods are not technically equivalent to ISO 178.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:2
D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
D638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D4000 Classification System for Specifying Plastic Materi-
als
D4101 Specification for Polypropylene Injection and Extru-
sion Materials
D5947 Test Methods for Physical Dimensions of Solid
Plastics Specimens
D6272 Test Method for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced
and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materi-
als by Four-Point Bending
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
2.2 ISO Standard:3
ISO 178 Plastics—Determination of Flexural Properties
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—Definitions of terms applying to these test
methods appear in Terminology D883 and Annex A1 of Test
Method D638.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 A bar of rectangular cross section rests on two supports
and is loaded by means of a loading nose midway between the
supports. A support span-to-depth ratio of 16:1 shall be used
unless there is reason to suspect that a larger span-to-depth
1 These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on
Plastics and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.10 on Mechanical
Properties.
Current edition approved April 1, 2010. Published April 2010. Originally
approved in 1970. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D790 – 07 ´1. DOI:
10.1520/D0790-10.
2 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
3 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
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ratio may be required, as may be the case for certain laminated
materials (see Section 7 and Note 7 for guidance).
4.2 The specimen is deflected until rupture occurs in the
outer surface of the test specimen or until a maximum strain
(see 12.7) of 5.0 % is reached, whichever occurs first.
4.3 Procedure A employs a strain rate of 0.01 mm/mm/min
(0.01 in./in./min) and is the preferred procedure for this test
method, while Procedure B employs a strain rate of 0.10
mm/mm/min (0.10 in./in./min).
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Flexural properties as determined by these test methods
are especially useful for quality control and specification
purposes.
5.2 Materials that do not fail by the maximum strain
allowed under these test methods (3-point bend) may be more
suited to a 4-point bend test. The basic difference between the
two test methods is in the location of the maximum bending
moment and maximum axial fiber stresses. The maximum axial
fiber stresses occur on a line under the loading nose in 3-point
bending and over the area between the loading noses in 4-point
bending.
5.3 Flexural properties may vary with specimen depth,
temperature, atmospheric conditions, and the difference in rate
of straining as specified in Procedures A and B (see also Note
7).
5.4 Before proceeding with these test methods, reference
should be made to the ASTM specification of the material
being tested. Any test specimen preparation, conditioning,
dimensions, or testing parameters, or combination thereof,
covered in the ASTM material specification shall take prece-
dence over those mentioned in these test methods. Table 1 in
Classification System D4000 lists the ASTM material specifi-
cations that currently exist for plastics.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Testing Machine— A properly calibrated testing ma-
chine that can be operated at constant rates of crosshead motion
over the range indicated, and in which the error in the load
measuring system shall not exceed 61 % of the maximum load
expected to be measured. It shall be equipped with a deflection
measuring device. The stiffness of the testing machine shall be
such that the total elastic deformation of the system does not
exceed 1 % of the total deflection of the test specimen during
testing, or appropriate corrections shall be made. The load
indicating mechanism shall be essentially free from inertial lag
at the crosshead rate used. The accuracy of the testing machine
shall be verified in accordance with Practices E4.
6.2 Loading Noses and Supports—The loading nose and
supports shall have cylindrical surfaces. The default radii of the
loading nose and supports shall be 5.0 6 0.1 mm (0.197 6
0.004 in.) unless otherwise specified in an ASTM material
specification or as agreed upon between the interested parties.
When the use of an ASTM material specification, or an agreed
upon modification, results in a change to the radii of the
loading nose and supports, the results shall be clearly identified
as being obtained from a modified version of this test method
and shall include the specification (when available) from which
the modification was specified, for example, Test Method D790
in accordance with Specification D4101.
6.2.1 Other Radii for Loading Noses and Supports—When
other than default loading noses and supports are used, in order
to avoid excessive indentation, or failure due to stress concen-
tration directly under the loading nose, they must comply with
the following requirements: they shall have a minimum radius
of 3.2 mm (1⁄8 in.) for all specimens. For specimens 3.2 mm or
greater in depth, the radius of the supports may be up to 1.6
times the specimen depth. They shall be this large if significant
indentation or compressive failure occurs. The arc of the
loading nose in contact with the specimen shall be sufficiently
large to prevent contact of the specimen with the sides of the
nose. The maximum radius of the loading nose shall be no
more than four times the specimen depth.
6.3 Micrometers— Suitable micrometers for measuring the
width and thickness of the test specimen to an incremental
discrimination of at least 0.025 mm (0.001 in.) should be used.
All width and thickness measurements of rigid and semirigid
plastics may be measured with a hand micrometer with ratchet.
A suitable instrument for measuring the thickness of nonrigid
test specimens shall have: a contact measuring pressure of
25 6 2.5 kPa (3.6 6 0.36 psi), a movable circular contact foot
6.35 6 0.025 mm (0.250 6 0.001 in.) in diameter and a lower
fixed anvil large enough to extend beyond the contact foot in
all directions and being parallel to the contact foot within 0.005
mm (0.002 in.) over the entire foot area. Flatness of foot and
anvil shall conform to the portion of the Calibration section of
Test Methods D5947.
7. Test Specimens
7.1 The specimens may be cut from sheets, plates, or
molded shapes, or may be molded to the desired finished
dimensions. The actual dimensions used in Section 4.2, Cal-
culation, shall be measured in accordance with Test Methods
D5947.
NOTE 2—Any necessary polishing of specimens shall be done only in
the lengthwise direction of the specimen.
TABLE 1 Flexural Strength
Material Mean, 103 psi
Values Expressed in Units of %
of 103 psi
VrA VRB rC RD
ABS 9.99 1.59 6.05 4.44 17.2
DAP thermoset 14.3 6.58 6.58 18.6 18.6
Cast acrylic 16.3 1.67 11.3 4.73 32.0
GR polyester 19.5 1.43 2.14 4.05 6.08
GR polycarbonate 21.0 5.16 6.05 14.6 17.1
SMC 26.0 4.76 7.19 13.5 20.4
A Vr = within-laboratory coefficient of variation for the indicated material. It is
obtained by first pooling the within-laboratory standard deviations of the test
results from all of the participating laboratories: Sr = [[(s1 )2 + ( s2)2 . . . + ( sn)2]/n]
1/2 then Vr = (S r divided by the overall average for the material) × 100.
B Vr = between-laboratory reproducibility, expressed as the coefficient of variation:
SR = {Sr2 + SL2} 1/2 where SL is the standard deviation of laboratory means. Then:
VR = (S R divided by the overall average for the material) × 100.
C r = within-laboratory critical interval between two test results = 2.8 × Vr.
D R = between-laboratory critical interval between two test results = 2.8 × VR.
D790 − 10
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7.2 Sheet Materials (Except Laminated Thermosetting Ma-
terials and Certain Materials Used for Electrical Insulation,
Including Vulcanized Fiber and Glass Bonded Mica):
7.2.1 Materials 1.6 mm (1⁄16 in.) or Greater in Thickness—
For flatwise tests, the depth of the specimen shall be the
thickness of the material. For edgewise tests, the width of the
specimen shall be the thickness of the sheet, and the depth shall
not exceed the width (see Notes 3 and 4). For all tests, the
support span shall be 16 (tolerance 61) times the depth of the
beam. Specimen width shall not exceed one fourth of the
support span for specimens greater than 3.2 mm (1⁄8 in.) in
depth. Specimens 3.2 mm or less in depth shall be 12.7 mm (1⁄2
in.) in width. The specimen shall be long enough to allow for
overhanging on each end of at least 10 % of the support span,
but in no case less than 6.4 mm (1⁄4 in.) on each end. Overhang
shall be sufficient to prevent the specimen from slipping
through the supports.
NOTE 3—Whenever possible, the original surface of the sheet shall be
unaltered. However, where testing machine limitations make it impossible
to follow the above criterion on the unaltered sheet, one or both surfaces
shall be machined to provide the desired dimensions, and the location of
the specimens with reference to the total depth shall be noted. The value
obtained on specimens with machined surfaces may differ from those
obtained on specimens with original surfaces. Consequently, any specifi-
cations for flexural properties on thicker sheets must state whether the
original surfaces are to be retained or not. When only one surface was
machined, it must be stated whether the machined surface was on the
tension or compression side of the beam.
NOTE 4—Edgewise tests are not applicable for sheets that are so thin
that specimens meeting these requirements cannot be cut. If specimen
depth exceeds the width, buckling may occur.
7.2.2 Materials Less than 1.6 mm (1⁄16 in.) in Thickness—
The specimen shall be 50.8 mm (2 in.) long by 12.7 mm (1⁄2 in.)
wide, tested flatwise on a 25.4-mm (1-in.) support span.
NOTE 5—Use of the formulas for simple beams cited in these test
methods for calculating results presumes that beam width is small in
comparison with the support span. Therefore, the formulas do not apply
rigorously to these dimensions.
NOTE 6—Where machine sensitivity is such that specimens of these
dimensions cannot be measured, wider specimens or shorter support
spans, or both, may be used, provided the support span-to-depth ratio is at
least 14 to 1. All dimensions must be stated in the report (see also Note 5).
7.3 Laminated Thermosetting Materials and Sheet and
Plate Materials Used for Electrical Insulation, Including
Vulcanized Fiber and Glass-Bonded Mica—For paper-base and
fabric-base grades over 25.4 mm (1 in.) in nominal thickness,
the specimens shall be machined on both surfaces to a depth of
25.4 mm. For glass-base and nylon-base grades, specimens
over 12.7 mm (1⁄2 in.) in nominal depth shall be machined on
both surfaces to a depth of 12.7 mm. The support span-to-depth
ratio shall be chosen such that failures occur in the outer fibers
of the specimens, due only to the bending moment (see Note
7). Therefore, a ratio larger than 16:1 may be necessary (32:1
or 40:1 are recommended). When laminated materials exhibit
low compressive strength perpendicular to the laminations,
they shall be loaded with a large radius loading nose (up to four
times the specimen depth to prevent premature damage to the
outer fibers.
7.4 Molding Materials (Thermoplastics and Thermosets)—
The recommended specimen for molding materials is 127 by
12.7 by 3.2 mm (5 by 1⁄2 by 1⁄8 in.) tested flatwise on a support
span, resulting in a support span-to-depth ratio of 16 (tolerance
61). Thicker specimens should be avoided if they exhibit
significant shrink marks or bubbles when molded.
7.5 High-Strength Reinforced Composites, Including Highly
Orthotropic Laminates—The span-to-depth ratio shall be cho-
sen such that failure occurs in the outer fibers of the specimens
and is due only to the bending moment (see Note 7). A
span-to-depth ratio larger than 16:1 may be necessary (32:1 or
40:1 are recommended). For some highly anisotropic compos-
ites, shear deformation can significantly influence modulus
measurements, even at span-to-depth ratios as high as 40:1.
Hence, for these materials, an increase in the span-to-depth
ratio to 60:1 is recommended to eliminate shear effects when
modulus data are required, it should also be noted that the
flexural modulus of highly anisotropic laminates is a strong
function of ply-stacking sequence and will not necessarily
correlate with tensile modulus, which is not stacking-sequence
dependent.
NOTE 7—As a general rule, support span-to-depth ratios of 16:1 are
satisfactory when the ratio of the tensile strength to shear strength is less
than 8 to 1, but the support span-to-depth ratio must be increased for
composite laminates having relatively low shear strength in the plane of
the laminate and relatively high tensile strength parallel to the support
span.
8. Number of Test Specimens
8.1 Test at least five specimens for each sample in the case
of isotropic materials or molded specimens.
8.2 For each sample of anisotropic material in sheet form,
test at least five specimens for each of the following conditions.
Recommended conditions are flatwise and edgewise tests on
specimens cut in lengthwise and crosswise directions of the
sheet. For the purposes of this test, “lengthwise” designates the
principal axis of anisotropy and shall be interpreted to mean the
direction of the sheet known to be stronger in flexure. “Cross-
wise” indicates the sheet direction known to be the weaker in
flexure and shall be at 90° to the lengthwise direction.
9. Conditioning
9.1 Conditioning—Condition the test specimens in accor-
dance with Procedure A of Practice D618 unless otherwise
specified by contract or the relevant ASTM material specifica-
tion. Conditioning time is specified as a minimum. Tempera-
ture and humidity tolerances shall be in accordance with
Section 7 of Practice D618 unless specified differently by
contract or material specification.
9.2 Test Conditions—Conduct the tests at the same tempera-
ture and humidity used for conditioning with tolerances in
accordance with Section 7 of Practice D618 unless otherwise
specified by contract or the relevant ASTM material specifica-
tion.
10. Procedure
10.1 Procedure A:
10.1.1 Use an untested specimen for each measurement.
Measure the width and depth of the specimen to the nearest
0.03 mm (0.001 in.) at the center of the support span. For
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specimens less than 2.54 mm (0.100 in.) in depth, measure the
depth to the nearest 0.003 mm (0.0005 in.). These measure-
ments shall be made in accordance with Test Methods D5947.
10.1.2 Determine the support span to be used as described in
Section 7 and set the support span to within 1 % of the
determined value.
10.1.3 For flexural fixtures that have continuously adjust-
able spans, measure the span accurately to the nearest 0.1 mm
(0.004 in.) for spans less than 63 mm (2.5 in.) and to the nearest
0.3 mm (0.012 in.) for spans greater than or equal to 63 mm
(2.5 in.). Use the actual measured span for all calculations. For
flexural fixtures that have fixed machined span positions, verify
the span distance the same as for adjustable spans at each
machined position. This distance becomes the span for that
position and is used for calculations applicable to all subse-
quent tests conducted at that position. See Annex A2 for
information on the determination of and setting of the span.
10.1.4 Calculate the rate of crosshead motion as follows and
set the machine for the rate of crosshead motion as calculated
by Eq 1:
R 5 ZL 2/6d (1)
where:
R = rate of crosshead motion, mm (in.)/min,
L = support span, mm (in.),
d = depth of beam, mm (in.), and
Z = rate of straining of the outer fiber, mm/mm/min (in./in./
min). Z shall be equal to 0.01.
In no case shall the actual crosshead rate differ from that
calculated using Eq 1, by more than 610 %.
10.1.5 Align the loading nose and supports so that the axes
of the cylindrical surfaces are parallel and the loading nose is
midway between the supports. The parallelism of the apparatus
may be checked by means of a plate with parallel grooves into
which the loading nose and supports will fit when properly
aligned (see A2.3). Center the specimen on the supports, with
the long axis of the specimen perpendicular to the loading nose
and supports.
10.1.6 Apply the load to the specimen at the specified
crosshead rate, and take simultaneous load-deflection data.
Measure deflection either by a gage under the specimen in
contact with it at the center of the support span, the gage being
mounted stationary relative to the specimen supports, or by
measurement of the motion of the loading nose relative to the
supports. Load-deflection curves may be plotted to determine
the flexural strength, chord or secant modulus or the tangent
modulus of elasticity, and the total work as measured by the
area under the load-deflection curve. Perform the necessary toe
compensation (see Annex A1) to correct for seating and
indentation of the specimen and deflections in the machine.
10.1.7 Terminate the test when the maximum strain in the
outer surface of the test specimen has reached 0.05 mm/mm
(in./in.) or at break if break occurs prior to reaching the
maximum strain (Notes 8 and 9). The deflection at which this
strain will occur may be calculated by letting r equal 0.05
mm/mm (in./in.) in Eq 2:
D 5 rL2/6d (2)
where:
D = midspan deflection, mm (in.),
r = strain, mm/mm (in./in.),
L = support span, mm (in.), and
d = depth of beam, mm (in.).
NOTE 8—For some materials that do not yield or break within the 5 %
strain limit when tested by Procedure A, the increased strain rate allowed
by Procedure B (see 10.2) may induce the specimen to yield or break, or
both, within the required 5 % strain limit.
NOTE 9—Beyond 5 % strain, this test method is not applicable. Some
other mechanical property might be more relevant to characterize mate-
rials that neither yield nor break by either Procedure A or Procedure B
within the 5 % strain limit (for example, Test Method D638 may be
considered).
10.2 Procedure B:
10.2.1 Use an untested specimen for each measurement.
10.2.2 Test conditions shall be identical to those described
in 10.1, except that the rate of straining of the outer surface of
the test specimen shall be 0.10 mm/mm (in./in.)/min.
10.2.3 If no break has occurred in the specimen by the time
the maximum strain in the outer surface of the test specimen
has reached 0.05 mm/mm (in./in.), discontinue the test (see
Note 9).
11. Retests
11.1 Values for properties at rupture shall not be calculated
for any specimen that breaks at some obvious, fortuitous flaw,
unless such flaws constitute a variable being studied. Retests
shall be made for any specimen on which values are not
calculated.
12. Calculation
12.1 Toe compensation shall be made in accordance with
Annex A1 unless it can be shown that the toe region of the
curve is not due to the take-up of slack, seating of the
specimen, or other artifact, but rather is an authentic material
response.
12.2 Flexural Stress (sf)—When a homogeneous elastic
material is tested in flexure as a simple beam supported at two
points and loaded at the midpoint, the maximum stress in the
outer surface of the test specimen occurs at the midpoint. This
stress may be calculated for any point on the load-deflection
curve by means of the following equation (see Notes 10-12):
s f 5 3PL/2bd2 (3)
where:
s = stress in the outer fibers at midpoint, MPa (psi),
P = load at a given point on the load-deflection curve, N
(lbf),
L = support span, mm (in.),
b = width of beam tested, mm (in.), and
d = depth of beam tested, mm (in.).
NOTE 10—Eq 3 applies strictly to materials for which stress is linearly
proportional to strain up to the point of rupture and for which the strains
are small. Since this is not always the case, a slight error will be
introduced if Eq 3 is used to calculate stress for materials that are not true
Hookean materials. The equation is valid for obtaining comparison data
and for specification purposes, but only up to a maximum fiber strain of
5 % in the outer surface of the test specimen for specimens tested by the
procedures described herein.
D790 − 10
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NOTE 11—When testing highly orthotropic laminates, the maximum
stress may not always occur in the outer surface of the test specimen.4
Laminated beam theory must be applied to determine the maximum
tensile stress at failure. If Eq 3 is used to calculate stress, it will yield an
apparent strength based on homogeneous beam theory. This apparent
strength is highly dependent on the ply-stacking sequence of highly
orthotropic laminates.
NOTE 12—The preceding calculation is not valid if the specimen slips
excessively between the supports.
12.3 Flexural Stress for Beams Tested at Large Support
Spans (s f)—If support span-to-depth ratios greater than 16 to
1 are used such that deflections in excess of 10 % of the
support span occur, the stress in the outer surface of the
specimen for a simple beam can be reasonably approximated
with the following equation (see Note 13):
s f 5 ~3PL/2bd2!@116~D/L! 2 2 4~d/L!~D/L!# (4)
where:
sf, P, L, b, and d are the same as for Eq 3, and
D = deflection of the centerline of the specimen at the
middle of the support span, mm (in.).
NOTE 13—When large support span-to-depth ratios are used, significant
end forces are developed at the support noses which will affect the
moment in a simple supported beam. Eq 4 includes additional terms that
are an approximate correction factor for the influence of these end forces
in large support span-to-depth ratio beams where relatively large deflec-
tions exist.
12.4 Flexural Strength (sfM)—Maximum flexural stress sus-
tained by the test specimen (see Note 11) during a bending test.
It is calculated according to Eq 3 or Eq 4. Some materials that
do not break at strains of up to 5 % may give a load deflection
curve that shows a point at which the load does not increase
with an increase in strain, that is, a yield point (Fig. 1, Curve
B), Y. The flexural strength may be calculated for these
materials by letting P (in Eq 3 or Eq 4) equal this point, Y.
12.5 Flexural Offset Yield Strength—Offset yield strength is
the stress at which the stress-strain curve deviates by a given
strain (offset) from the tangent to the initial straight line portion
of the stress-strain curve. The value of the offset must be given
whenever this property is calculated.
NOTE 14—This value may differ from flexural strength defined in 12.4.
Both methods of calculation are described in the annex to Test Method
D638.
12.6 Flexural Stress at Break (sfB )—Flexural stress at
break of the test specimen during a bending test. It is calculated
according to Eq 3 or Eq 4. Some materials may give a load
deflection curve that shows a break point, B, without a yield
point (Fig. 1, Curve a) in which case s fB = sfM. Other
materials may give a yield deflection curve with both a yield
and a break point, B (Fig. 1, Curve b). The flexural stress at
break may be calculated for these materials by letting P (in Eq
3 or Eq 4) equal this point, B.
12.7 Stress at a Given Strain—The stress in the outer
surface of a test specimen at a given strain may be calculated
in accordance with Eq 3 or Eq 4 by letting P equal the load read
from the load-deflection curve at the deflection corresponding
to the desired strain (for highly orthotropic laminates, see Note
11).
12.8 Flexural Strain, ´f—Nominal fractional change in the
length of an element of the outer surface of the test specimen
at midspan, where the maximum strain occurs. It may be
calculated for any deflection using Eq 5:
´ f 5 6Dd/L2 (5)
where:
´f = strain in the outer surface, mm/mm (in./in.),
D = maximum deflection of the center of the beam, mm
(in.),
L = support span, mm (in.), and
d = depth, mm (in.).
12.9 Modulus of Elasticity:
12.9.1 Tangent Modulus of Elasticity—The tangent modulus
of elasticity, often called the “modulus of elasticity,” is the
ratio, within the elastic limit, of stress to corresponding strain.
It is calculated by drawing a tangent to the steepest initial
straight-line portion of the load-deflection curve and using Eq
6 (for highly anisotropic composites, see Note 15).
EB 5 L3m/4bd 3 (6)
where:
EB = modulus of elasticity in bending, MPa (psi),
4 For a discussion of these effects, see Zweben, C., Smith, W. S., and Wardle, M.
W., “Test Methods for Fiber Tensile Strength, Composite Flexural Modulus and
Properties of Fabric-Reinforced Laminates, “ Composite Materials: Testing and
Design (Fifth Conference), ASTM STP 674, 1979, pp. 228–262.
NOTE 1—Curve a: Specimen that breaks before yielding.
Curve b: Specimen that yields and then breaks before the 5 % strain
limit.
Curve c: Specimen that neither yields nor breaks before the 5 % strain
limit.
FIG. 1 Typical Curves of Flexural Stress (ßf) Versus Flexural
Strain (´f)
D790 − 10
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L = support span, mm (in.),
b = width of beam tested, mm (in.),
d = depth of beam tested, mm (in.), and
m = slope of the tangent to the initial straight-line portion of
the load-deflection curve, N/mm (lbf/in.) of deflection.
NOTE 15—Shear deflections can seriously reduce the apparent modulus
of highly anisotropic composites when they are tested at low span-to-
depth ratios.4 For this reason, a span-to-depth ratio of 60 to 1 is
recommended for flexural modulus determinations on these composites.
Flexural strength should be determined on a separate set of replicate
specimens at a lower span-to-depth ratio that induces tensile failure in the
outer fibers of the beam along its lower face. Since the flexural modulus
of highly anisotropic laminates is a critical function of ply-stacking
sequence, it will not necessarily correlate with tensile modulus, which is
not stacking-sequence dependent.
12.9.2 Secant Modulus— The secant modulus is the ratio of
stress to corresponding strain at any selected point on the
stress-strain curve, that is, the slope of the straight line that
joins the origin and a selected point on the actual stress-strain
curve. It shall be expressed in megapascals (pounds per square
inch). The selected point is chosen at a prespecified stress or
strain in accordance with the appropriate material specification
or by customer contract. It is calculated in accordance with Eq
6 by letting m equal the slope of the secant to the load-
deflection curve. The chosen stress or strain point used for the
determination of the secant shall be reported.
12.9.3 Chord Modulus (Ef)—The chord modulus may be
calculated from two discrete points on the load deflection
curve. The selected points are to be chosen at two prespecified
stress or strain points in accordance with the appropriate
material specification or by customer contract. The chosen
stress or strain points used for the determination of the chord
modulus shall be reported. Calculate the chord modulus, Ef
using the following equation:
Ef 5 ~s f2 2 s f1!/~´ f2 2 ´ f1! (7)
where:
sf2 and sf1 are the flexural stresses, calculated from Eq 3 or
Eq 4 and measured at the predefined points on the load
deflection curve, and ´ f2 and
´f1 are the flexural strain values, calculated from Eq 5 and
measured at the predetermined points on the load deflection
curve.
12.10 Arithmetic Mean— For each series of tests, the
arithmetic mean of all values obtained shall be calculated to
three significant figures and reported as the “average value” for
the particular property in question.
12.11 Standard Deviation—The standard deviation (esti-
mated) shall be calculated as follows and be reported to two
significant figures:
s 5 =~(X 2 2 nX¯ 2! /~n 2 1! (8)
where:
s = estimated standard deviation,
X = value of single observation,
n = number of observations, and
X¯ = arithmetic mean of the set of observations.
13. Report
13.1 Report the following information:
13.1.1 Complete identification of the material tested, includ-
ing type, source, manufacturer’s code number, form, principal
dimensions, and previous history (for laminated materials,
ply-stacking sequence shall be reported),
13.1.2 Direction of cutting and loading specimens, when
appropriate,
13.1.3 Conditioning procedure,
13.1.4 Depth and width of specimen,
13.1.5 Procedure used (A or B),
13.1.6 Support span length,
13.1.7 Support span-to-depth ratio if different than 16:1,
13.1.8 Radius of supports and loading noses, if different
than 5 mm. When support and/or loading nose radii other than
5 mm are used, the results shall be identified as being generated
by a modified version of this test method and the referring
specification referenced as to the geometry used.
13.1.9 Rate of crosshead motion,
13.1.10 Flexural strain at any given stress, average value
and standard deviation,
13.1.11 If a specimen is rejected, reason(s) for rejection,
13.1.12 Tangent, secant, or chord modulus in bending,
average value, standard deviation, and the strain level(s) used
if secant or chord modulus,
13.1.13 Flexural strength (if desired), average value, and
standard deviation,
13.1.14 Stress at any given strain up to and including 5 % (if
desired), with strain used, average value, and standard devia-
tion,
13.1.15 Flexural stress at break (if desired), average value,
and standard deviation,
13.1.16 Type of behavior, whether yielding or rupture, or
both, or other observations, occurring within the 5 % strain
limit, and
13.1.17 Date of specific version of test used.
TABLE 2 Flexural Modulus
Material Mean, 103 psi
Values Expressed in units of %
of 103 psi
VrA VRB rC RD
ABS 338 4.79 7.69 13.6 21.8
DAP thermoset 485 2.89 7.18 8.15 20.4
Cast acrylic 810 13.7 16.1 38.8 45.4
GR polyester 816 3.49 4.20 9.91 11.9
GR
polycarbonate
1790 5.52 5.52 15.6 15.6
SMC 1950 10.9 13.8 30.8 39.1
A Vr = within-laboratory coefficient of variation for the indicated material. It is
obtained by first pooling the within-laboratory standard deviations of the test
results from all of the participating laboratories: Sr = [[(s1 )2 + ( s2)2 . . . + ( sn)2]/ n]
1/2 then Vr = (S r divided by the overall average for the material) × 100.
B Vr = between-laboratory reproducibility, expressed as the coefficient of variation:
SR = {Sr2 + SL2 }1/2 where SL is the standard deviation of laboratory means. Then:
VR = (SR divided by the overall average for the material) × 100.
Cr = within-laboratory critical interval between two test results = 2.8 × Vr.
D R = between-laboratory critical interval between two test results = 2.8 × VR.
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14. Precision and Bias
14.1 Tables 1 and 2 are based on a round-robin test
conducted in 1984, in accordance with Practice E691, involv-
ing six materials tested by six laboratories using Procedure A.
For each material, all the specimens were prepared at one
source. Each “test result” was the average of five individual
determinations. Each laboratory obtained two test results for
each material.
NOTE 16—Caution: The following explanations of r and R
(14.2-14.2.3) are intended only to present a meaningful way of consider-
ing the approximate precision of these test methods. The data given in
Tables 2 and 3 should not be applied rigorously to the acceptance or
rejection of materials, as those data are specific to the round robin and may
not be representative of other lots, conditions, materials, or laboratories.
Users of these test methods should apply the principles outlined in
Practice E691 to generate data specific to their laboratory and materials, or
between specific laboratories. The principles of 14.2-14.2.3 would then be
valid for such data.
14.2 Concept of “r” and “R” in Tables 1 and 2—If Sr and
SR have been calculated from a large enough body of data, and
for test results that were averages from testing five specimens
for each test result, then:
14.2.1 Repeatability— Two test results obtained within one
laboratory shall be judged not equivalent if they differ by more
than the r value for that material. r is the interval representing
the critical difference between two test results for the same
material, obtained by the same operator using the same
equipment on the same day in the same laboratory.
14.2.2 Reproducibility— Two test results obtained by differ-
ent laboratories shall be judged not equivalent if they differ by
more than the R value for that material. R is the interval
representing the critical difference between two test results for
the same material, obtained by different operators using differ-
ent equipment in different laboratories.
14.2.3 The judgments in 14.2.1 and 14.2.2 will have an
approximately 95 % (0.95) probability of being correct.
14.3 Bias—No statement may be made about the bias of
these test methods, as there is no standard reference material or
reference test method that is applicable.
15. Keywords
15.1 flexural properties; plastics; stiffness; strength
ANNEXES
(Mandatory Information)
A1. TOE COMPENSATION
A1.1 In a typical stress-strain curve (see Fig. A1.1) there is
a toe region, AC, that does not represent a property of the
material. It is an artifact caused by a takeup of slack and
alignment or seating of the specimen. In order to obtain correct
values of such parameters as modulus, strain, and offset yield
point, this artifact must be compensated for to give the
corrected zero point on the strain or extension axis.
A1.2 In the case of a material exhibiting a region of
Hookean (linear) behavior (see Fig. A1.1), a continuation of
the linear (CD) region of the curve is constructed through the
zero-stress axis. This intersection (B) is the corrected zero-
strain point from which all extensions or strains must be
measured, including the yield offset (BE), if applicable. The
elastic modulus can be determined by dividing the stress at any
point along the Line CD (or its extension) by the strain at the
same point (measured from Point B, defined as zero-strain).
A1.3 In the case of a material that does not exhibit any
linear region (see Fig. A1.2), the same kind of toe correction of
the zero-strain point can be made by constructing a tangent to
the maximum slope at the inflection Point H'. This is extended
to intersect the strain axis at Point B', the corrected zero-strain
point. Using Point B' as zero strain, the stress at any point (G')
on the curve can be divided by the strain at that point to obtain
a secant modulus (slope of Line B' G'). For those materials with
no linear region, any attempt to use the tangent through the
inflection point as a basis for determination of an offset yield
point may result in unacceptable error.
NOTE 1—Some chart recorders plot the mirror image of this graph.
FIG. A1.1 Material with Hookean Region
D790 − 10
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A2. MEASURING AND SETTING SPAN
A2.1 For flexural fixtures that have adjustable spans, it is
important that the span between the supports is maintained
constant or the actual measured span is used in the calculation
of stress, modulus, and strain, and the loading nose or noses are
positioned and aligned properly with respect to the supports.
Some simple steps as follows can improve the repeatability of
your results when using these adjustable span fixtures.
A2.2 Measurement of Span:
A2.2.1 This technique is needed to ensure that the correct
span, not an estimated span, is used in the calculation of
results.
A2.2.2 Scribe a permanent line or mark at the exact center
of the support where the specimen makes complete contact.
The type of mark depends on whether the supports are fixed or
rotatable (see Figs. A2.1 and A2.2).
A2.2.3 Using a vernier caliper with pointed tips that is
readable to at least 0.1 mm (0.004 in.), measure the distance
between the supports, and use this measurement of span in the
calculations.
A2.3 Setting the Span and Alignment of Loading
Nose(s)—To ensure a consistent day-to-day setup of the span
and ensure the alignment and proper positioning of the loading
nose, simple jigs should be manufactured for each of the
standard setups used. An example of a jig found to be useful is
shown in Fig. A2.3.
NOTE 1—Some chart recorders plot the mirror image of this graph.
FIG. A1.2 Material with No Hookean Region
FIG. A2.1 Markings on Fixed Specimen Supports
FIG. A2.2 Markings on Rotatable Specimen Supports
D790 − 10
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APPENDIX
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1. DEVELOPMENT OF A FLEXURAL MACHINE COMPLIANCE CORRECTION
X1.1 Introduction
X1.1.1 Universal Testing instrument drive systems always
exhibit a certain level of compliance that is characterized by a
variance between the reported crosshead displacement and the
displacement actually imparted to the specimen. This variance
is a function of load frame stiffness, drive system wind-up, load
cell compliance and fixture compliance. To accurately measure
the flexural modulus of a material, this compliance should be
measured and empirically subtracted from test data. Flexural
modulus results without the corrections are lower than if the
correction is applied. The greater the stiffness of the material
the more influence the system compliance has on results.
X1.1.2 It is not necessary to make the machine compliance
correction when a deflectometer/extensometer is used to mea-
sure the actual deflection occurring in the specimen as it is
deflected.
X1.2 Terminology
X1.2.1 Compliance—The displacement difference between
test machine drive system displacement values and actual
specimen displacement
X1.2.2 Compliance Correction—An analytical method of
modifying test instrument displacement values to eliminate the
amount of that measurement attributed to test instrument
compliance.
X1.3 Apparatus
X1.3.1 Universal Testing machine
X1.3.2 Load cell
X1.3.3 Flexure fixture including loading nose and specimen
supports
X1.3.4 Computer Software to make corrections to the dis-
placements
X1.3.5 Steel bar, with smoothed surfaces and a calculated
flexural stiffness of more than 100 times greater than the test
material. The length should be at least 13 mm greater than the
support span. The width shall match the width of the test
specimen and the thickness shall be that required to achieve or
exceed the target stiffness.
X1.4 Safety Precautions
X1.4.1 The universal testing machine should stop the ma-
chine crosshead movement when the load reaches 90 % of load
cell capacity, to prevent damage to the load cell.
X1.4.2 The compliance curve determination should be
made at a speed no higher than 2 mm/min. Because the load
builds up rapidly since the steel bar does not deflect, it is quite
easy to exceed the load cell capacity.
X1.5 Procedure
NOTE X1.1—A new compliance correction curve should be established
each time there is a change made to the setup of the test machine, such as,
load cell changed or reinstallation of the flexure fixture on the machine. If
the test machine is dedicated to flexural testing, and there are no changes
to the setup, it is not necessary to re-calculate the compliance curve.
NOTE X1.2—On those machines with computer software that automati-
cally make this compliance correction; refer to the software manual to
determine how this correction should be made.
X1.5.1 The procedure to determine compliance follows:
X1.5.1.1 Configure the test system to match the actual test
configuration.
X1.5.1.2 Place the steel bar in the test fixture, duplicating
the position of a specimen during actual testing.
FIG. A2.3 Fixture Used to Set Loading Nose and Support Spacing and Alignment
D790 − 10
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X1.5.1.3 Set the crosshead speed to 2 mm/min. or less and
start the crosshead moving in the test direction recording
crosshead displacement and the corresponding load values.
X1.5.1.4 Increase load to a point exceeding the highest load
expected during specimen testing. Stop the crosshead and
return to the pre-test location.
X1.5.1.5 The recorded load-deflection curve, starting when
the loading nose contacts the steel bar to the time that the
highest load expected is defined as test system compliance.
X1.5.2 Procedure to apply compliance correction is as
follows:
X1.5.2.1 Run the flexural test method on the material at the
crosshead required for the measurement.
X1.5.2.2 It is preferable that computer software be used to
make the displacement corrections, but if it is not available
compliance corrections can be made manually in the following
manner. Determine the range of displacement (D) on the load
versus displacement curve for the material, over which the
modulus is to be calculated. For Young’s Modulus that would
steepest region of the curve below the proportional limit. For
Secant and Chord Modulii that would be at specified level of
strain or specified levels of strain, respectively. Draw two
vertical lines up from the displacement axis for the two chosen
displacements (D1, D2) to the load versus displacement curve
for the material. In some cases one of these points maybe at
zero displacement after the toe compensation correction is
made. Draw two horizontal lines from these points on the load
displacement curve to the Load (P) axis. Determine the loads
(L1, L2).
X1.5.2.3 Using the Compliance Correction load displace-
ment curve for the steel bar, mark off L1 and L2 on the Load
(P) axis. From these two points draw horizontal lines across till
they contact the load versus displacement curve for the steel
bar. From these two points on the load deflection curve draw
two vertical lines downwards to the displacement axis. These
two points on the displacement axis determine the corrections
(c1, c2) that need to be made to the displacements measure-
ments for the test material.
X1.5.2.4 Subtract the corrections (c1, c2) from the mea-
sured displacements (D1, D2), so that a true measures of test
specimen deflection (D1-c1, D2-c2) are obtained.
X1.6 Calculations
X1.6.1 Calculation of Chord Modulus
X1.6.1.1 Calculate the stresses (sf1, sf2) for load points L1
and L2 from Fig. X1.1 using the equation in 12.2, Eq 3.
X1.6.1.2 Calculate the strains (´f1, ´f2) for displacements
D1-c1 and D2-c2 from Fig. X1.3 using the equation in 12.8, Eq
5.
X1.6.1.3 Calculate the flexural chord modulus in accor-
dance with 12.9.3, Eq 7.
X1.6.2 Calculation of Secant Modulus
X1.6.2.1 Calculation of the Secant Modulus at any strain
along the curve would be the same as conducting a chord
modulus measurement, except that sf1 = 0, L1= 0, and D1-c1
= 0.
X1.6.3 Calculation of Young’s Modulus
X1.6.3.1 Determine the steepest slope “m” along the curve,
below the proportional limit, using the selected loads L1 and
L2 from Fig. X1.1 and the displacements D1-c1 and D2-c2
from Fig. X1.3.
FIG. X1.1 Example of Modulus Curve for a Material
FIG. X1.2 Compliance Curve for Steel Bar
FIG. X1.3 Example of the Material Curve Corrected for the Com-
pliance Corrected Displacement or Strain
D790 − 10
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X1.6.3.2 Calculate the Young’s modulus in accordance with
12.9.1, Eq 6.
SUMMARY OF CHANGES
Committee D20 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(D790 - 07´1) that may impact the use of this standard. (April 1, 2010)
(1) Revised Section 9.
ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned
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D790 − 10
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Designation: D6110 − 10
Standard Test Method for
Determining the Charpy Impact Resistance of Notched
Specimens of Plastics1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6110; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method is used to determine the resistance of
plastics to breakage by flexural shock as indicated by the
energy extracted from standardized (see Note 1) pendulum-
type hammers, mounted in standardized machines, in breaking
standard specimens with one pendulum swing. This test
method requires specimens to be made with a milled notch (see
Note 2). The notch produces a stress concentration which
promotes a brittle, rather than a ductile, fracture. The results of
this test method are reported in terms of energy absorbed per
unit of specimen width (see Note 3).
NOTE 1—The machines with pendulum-type hammers have been
standardized in that they must comply with certain requirements including
a fixed height of hammer fall, which results in a substantially fixed
velocity of the hammer at the moment of impact. Hammers of different
initial energies (produced by varying their effective weights), however, are
recommended for use with specimens of different impact resistance.
Moreover, manufacturers of the equipment are permitted to use different
lengths and constructions of pendulums with possible differences in
pendulum rigidities resulting (see Section 5). Be aware that other
differences in machine design do exist.
NOTE 2—The specimens are standardized in that they have a fixed
length and fixed depth, however, the width of the specimens is permitted
to vary between limits. One design of milled notch is allowed. The notch
in the specimen serves to concentrate the stress, minimize plastic
deformation, and direct the fracture to the part of the specimen behind the
notch. Scatter in energy-to-break is thus reduced. Because of differences
in the elastic and viscoelastic properties of plastics, however, response to
a given notch varies among materials.
NOTE 3—Caution must be exercised in interpreting the results of this
test method. The following testing parameters have been shown to affect
test results significantly: method of specimen fabrication, including but
not limited to processing technology, molding conditions, mold design,
and thermal treatment; method of notching; speed of notching tool; design
of notching apparatus; quality of the notch; time between notching and
test; test specimen thickness; test specimen width under notch; and
environmental conditioning.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
NOTE 4—This standard resembles ISO 179 in title only. The content is
significantly different.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:2
D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
D647 Practice for Design of Molds for Test Specimens of
Plastic Molding Materials (Withdrawn 1994)3
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D4000 Classification System for Specifying Plastic Materi-
als
D4066 Classification System for Nylon Injection and Extru-
sion Materials (PA)
D5947 Test Methods for Physical Dimensions of Solid
Plastics Specimens
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For definitions related to plastics, see Ter-
minology D883.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 A notched specimen is supported as a horizontal simple
beam and is broken by a single swing of the pendulum with the
impact line midway between the supports and directly opposite
the notch.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Before proceeding with this test method, refer to the
material specification for the material being tested. Any test
specimen preparation, conditioning, dimensions and testing
parameters required by the materials specification shall take
precedence over those required by this test method. Table 1 of
1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.10 on Mechanical Properties.
Current edition approved April 1, 2010. Published April 2010. Originally
approved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D6110 - 08. DOI:
10.1520/D6110-10.
2 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
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Classification D4000 lists the ASTM materials standards that
currently exist. If there is no material specification, then the
requirements of this test method apply.
5.2 The pendulum impact test indicates the energy to break
standard test specimens of specified size under stipulated
conditions of specimen mounting, notching (stress
concentration), and pendulum velocity at impact.
5.3 For this test method, the energy lost by the pendulum
during the breakage of the specimen is the sum of the energies
required to initiate fracture of the specimen; to propagate the
fracture across the specimen; to throw the free ends of the
broken specimen (toss energy); to bend the specimen; to
produce vibration in the pendulum arm; to produce vibration or
horizontal movement of the machine frame or base; to over-
come friction in the pendulum bearing and in the indicating
mechanism, and to overcome windage (pendulum air drag); to
indent or deform, plastically, the specimen at the line of
impact; and to overcome the friction caused by the rubbing of
the striking nose over the face of the bent specimen.
NOTE 5—The toss energy, or the energy used to throw the free ends of
the broken specimen, is suspected to represent a very large fraction of the
total energy absorbed when testing relatively dense and brittle materials.
No procedure has been established for estimating the toss energy for the
Charpy method.
5.4 For tough, ductile, fiber-filled, or cloth-laminated
materials, the fracture propagation energy is usually large
compared to the fracture initiation energy. When testing these
materials, energy losses due to fracture propagation, vibration,
friction between the striking nose and the specimen has the
potential to become quite significant, even when the specimen
is accurately machined and positioned, and the machine is in
good condition with adequate capacity (see Note 6). Significant
energy losses due to bending and indentation when testing soft
materials have also been observed.
NOTE 6—Although the frame and the base of the machine must be
sufficiently rigid and massive to handle the energies of tough specimens
without motion or excessive vibration, the pendulum arm cannot be made
very massive because the greater part of its mass must be concentrated
near its center of percussion at its striking nose. Locating the striking nose
precisely at the center of percussion reduces the vibration of the pendulum
arm when used with brittle specimens. Some losses due to pendulum arm
vibration (the amount varying with the design of the pendulum) will occur
with tough specimens even when the striking nose is properly positioned.
5.5 In a well-designed machine of sufficient rigidity and
mass, the losses due to vibration and friction in the pendulum
bearing and in the indicating mechanism will be very small.
Vibrational losses are observed when wide specimens of tough
materials are tested in machines of insufficient mass, or in
machines that are not securely fastened to a heavy base.
5.6 Since this test method permits a variation in the width of
the specimens and since the width dictates, for many materials,
whether a brittle, low-energy break (as evidenced by little or no
drawing down or necking and by a relatively low energy
absorption) or a ductile, high-energy break (as evidenced by
considerable drawing or necking down in the region behind the
notch and by a relatively high energy absorption) will occur, it
is necessary that the width be stated in the specification
covering that material and that the width be stated along with
the impact value.
5.7 This test method requires that the specimen break
completely. Results obtained when testing materials with a
pendulum that does not have sufficient energy to complete the
breaking of the extreme fibers and toss the broken pieces shall
be considered a departure from standard and shall not be
reported as a standard result. Impact values cannot be directly
compared for any two materials that experience different types
of failure.
5.8 The value of this impact test method lies mainly in the
areas of quality control and materials specification. If two
groups of specimens of supposedly the same material show
significantly different energy absorptions, critical widths, or
critical temperatures, it is permitted to assume that they were
made of different materials or were exposed to different
processing or conditioning environments. The fact that a
material shows twice the energy absorption of another under
these conditions of test does not indicate that this same
relationship will exist under another set of test conditions.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Pendulum Impact Machine—The machine shall consist
of a massive base on which are mounted a pair of supports for
holding the specimen and to which is connected, through a
rigid frame and bearings, one of a number of pendulum-type
hammers having an initial energy suitable for use with the
particular specimen to be tested (or one basic pendulum
designed to accept add-on weights), plus a pendulum holding
and releasing mechanism and a mechanism for indicating the
breaking energy of the specimen. The specimen anvil,
pendulum, and frame shall be sufficiently rigid to maintain
correct alignment of the striking edge and specimen, both at the
moment of impact and during the propagation of the fracture,
and to minimize energy losses due to vibration. The base shall
be sufficiently massive so that the impact will not cause it to
move. The machine shall be designed, constructed, and main-
tained so that energy losses due to pendulum air drag
(windage), friction in the pendulum bearings, and friction and
inertia in the indicating mechanism are held to a minimum.
6.1.1 Pendulum—The simple pendulum shall consist of a
single or multi-membered arm with a bearing on one end and
a head, containing the striking nose, on the other. Although a
large proportion of the mass of the simple pendulum is
concentrated in the head, the arm must be sufficiently rigid to
maintain the proper clearances and geometric relationships
between the machine parts and the specimen and to minimize
vibrational energy losses, which are always included in the
measured impact value. A machine with a simple pendulum
design is illustrated in Fig. 1. Instruments with a compound-
pendulum design also have been found to be acceptable for
use. A compound-pendulum design is illustrated in Fig. 2.
6.1.1.1 The machine shall be provided with a basic pendu-
lum capable of delivering an energy of 2.7 6 0.14 J (2.0 6
0.10 ft-lbf). This pendulum shall be used for specimens that
extract less than 85 % of this energy when breaking a speci-
men. Heavier pendulums or additional weights designed to
attach to the basic pendulum shall be provided for specimens
D6110 − 10
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that require more energy to break. A series of pendulums such
that each has twice the energy of the next lighter one has been
found convenient.
6.1.1.2 The effective length of the pendulum shall be
between 0.325 and 0.406 m (12.8 and 16.0 in.) so that the
required elevation of the striking nose is obtained by raising the
pendulum to an angle between 60 and 30° above the horizontal.
6.1.2 Striking Edge—The striking edge (nose) of the pen-
dulum shall be made of hardened steel, tapered to have an
included angle of 45 6 2° and shall be rounded to a radius of
3.17 6 0.12 mm (0.125 6 0.005 in.). The pendulum shall be
aligned in such a way that when it is in its free hanging
position, the center of percussion of the pendulum shall lie
within 62.54 mm (0.10 in.) of the middle of the line of contact
made by the striking nose upon the face of a standard specimen
of square cross section. The distance from the axis of support
to the center of percussion is determined experimentally from
the period of motion of small amplitude oscillations of the
pendulum by means of the following equation:
L 5 ~g/4π2! p2 (1)
where:
L = distance from the axis of support to the center of
percussion, m,
g = local gravitational acceleration (known to an accuracy of
one part in one thousand), m/s2
π = 3.1416 (4π2 = 39.48), and
p = period, in s, of a single complete swing (to and fro)
determined from at least 20 consecutive and uninter-
rupted swings. The angle of swing shall be less than 5°
each side of center.
6.1.3 Pendulum Holding and Releasing Mechanism—The
mechanism shall be designed, constructed, and operated so that
it will release the pendulum without imparting acceleration or
vibration to the pendulum. The position of the pendulum
holding and releasing mechanism shall be such that the vertical
height of fall of the striking nose shall be 610 6 2 mm (24.0
6 0.005 in.). This will produce a velocity of the striking nose
FIG. 1 Simple Beam (Charpy-Type) Impact Machine
FIG. 2 Example of Compound–Pendulum–Type Machine
D6110 − 10
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at the moment of impact of approximately 3.46 m (11.4 ft)/s as
determined by the following equation:
v 5 =2gh (2)
where:
v = velocity of the striking nose at the moment of impact,
g = local gravitational acceleration, and
h = vertical height of fall of the striking nose.
This assumes no windage or friction.
6.1.4 Specimen Supports—The test specimen shall be sup-
ported against two rigid anvils in such a position that its center
of gravity and the center of the notch shall lie on tangent to the
arc of travel of the center of percussion of the pendulum drawn
at the position of impact. The edges of the anvils shall be
rounded to a radius of 3.17 6 0.12 mm (0.125 6 0.005 in.) and
the anvils’ lines of contact (span) with the specimen shall be
101.6 6 0.5 mm (4.0 6 0.02 in.) apart (see Fig. 3). Some
machine manufacturers supply a jig for positioning the speci-
men on the supports.
NOTE 7—Some machines currently in use employ a 108.0-mm span.
Data obtained under these conditions are valid.4
6.1.5 Indicator—Means shall be provided for determining
the energy expended by the pendulum in breaking the speci-
men. This is accomplished using either a pointer and dial
mechanism or an electronic system consisting of a digital
indicator and sensor (typically an encoder or resolver). In
either case, the indicated breaking energy is determined by
detecting the height of rise of the pendulum beyond the point
of impact in terms of energy removed from that specific
pendulum. The indicated remaining energy must be corrected
for pendulum bearing friction, pointer friction, pointer inertia,
and pendulum windage. Some equipment manufacturers pro-
vide graphs or tables to aid in the calculation of the correction
for friction and windage. Instructions for making these correc-
tions are found in Annex A1 and Annex A2. Many digital
indicating systems automatically correct for windage and
friction. Consult the equipment manufacturer for information
on how this is performed.
6.1.6 Appendix X2 describes a calibration procedure for
establishing the accuracy of the equipment. A check of the
calibration of an impact machine is difficult to make under
dynamic conditions. The basic parameters normally are
checked under static conditions. If the machine passes the
static tests, then it is assumed to be accurate. Appendix X2,
however, also describes a dynamic test for checking certain
features of the machine and specimen. For some machine
designs, it might be necessary to change the recommended
method of obtaining the required calibration measurements.
Contact the machine manufacturer to determine if additional
instructions for adjusting a particular machine are available.
Other methods of performing the required checks are accept-
able provided that they are proven to result in an equivalent
accuracy.
6.2 Specimen Notching Machine—Notching shall be done
on a milling machine, engine lathe, or other suitable machine
tool. A carbide-tipped or industrial diamond-tipped notching
cutter is recommended. Both cutter speed and feed rate shall be
controllable. Provision for cooling the specimen is recom-
mended. Water and compressed air are suitable coolants for
many plastics.
6.2.1 The profile of the cutting tooth or teeth shall be such
as to produce a notch in the test specimen of the contour and
depth specified in Fig. 4 and in the manner specified in Section
8.
6.2.2 A single-tooth cutter shall be used for notching the
specimen, unless it is demonstrated that notches of an equiva-
lent quality are produced with a multi-tooth cutter. Single-tooth
cutters are preferred because of the ease of grinding the cutter
to the specimen contour and because of the smoother cut on the
specimen. The cutting edge shall be ground and honed care-
fully to ensure sharpness and freedom from nicks and burrs.
Tools with no rake and a work relief angle of 15 to 20° have
been found satisfactory.
6.3 Micrometers—Apparatus for measurement of the width
of the specimen shall comply with the requirements of Test
Methods D5947. Apparatus for the measurement of the depth
of plastic material remaining in the specimen under the notch
shall comply with requirements of Test Methods D5947,
provided however that the one anvil or presser foot shall be a
tapered blade conforming to the dimensions given in Fig. 5.
The opposing anvil or presser foot shall be flat and conforming
to Test Methods D5947.
4 Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D20-1033.
FIG. 3 Relationship of Anvil, Specimen, and Striking Edge to
Each Other for Charpy Test Method
D6110 − 10
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7. Test Specimen
7.1 The test specimen shall conform to the dimensions and
geometry of Fig. 4, except as modified in accordance with 7.2
– 7.5. To ensure the correct contour and conditions of the
specified notch, all specimens shall be notched in accordance
with Section 8.
7.2 Molded specimens shall have a width between 3.00 and
12.7 mm (0.118 and 0.500 in.). Use the specimen width as
specified in the material specification or as agreed upon
between the supplier and the customer.
7.2.1 The type of mold and molding machine used and the
flow behavior in the mold cavity will influence the strength
obtained. It is possible that results from a specimen taken from
one end of a molded bar will give different results than a
specimen taken from the other end. It is therefore important
that cooperating laboratories agree on standard molds conform-
ing to Practice D647, and upon a standard molding procedure
for the material under investigation.
7.2.2 A critical investigation of the mechanics of impact
testing has shown that tests made upon specimens under 6.35
mm (0.250 in.) in width absorb more energy due to crushing,
bending, and twisting than do wider specimens. Specimens
6.35 mm (0.250 in.) or over in width are therefore recom-
mended. The responsibility for determining the minimum
specimen width shall be the investigator’s, with due reference
to the specification for that material.
7.2.3 The impact resistance of a plastic material will be
different if the notch is perpendicular to, rather than parallel to,
the direction of molding.
7.3 For sheet materials, the specimens shall be cut from the
sheet in both the lengthwise and crosswise directions unless
otherwise specified. The width of the specimen shall be the
thickness of the sheet if the sheet thickness is between 3.00 and
12.7 mm (0.118 and 0.500 in.). Sheet material thicker than 12.7
mm (0.500 in.) shall be machined down to 12.7 mm (0.500 in.).
mm in.
A 10.16 ± 0.05 0.400 ± 0.002
B 63.5 max 2.50 max
61.0 min 2.40 min
C 127.0 max 5.00 max
124.5 min 4.90 min
D 0.25R ± 0.05 0.010R ± 0.002
E 12.70 ± 0.15 0.500 ± 0.006
FIG. 4 Dimensions of Simple Beam, Charpy Type, Impact Test Specimen
FIG. 5 Notch Depth Measurement on Test Specimens
D6110 − 10
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It is acceptable to test specimens with a 12.7-mm (0.500-in.)
square cross section either edgewise or flatwise as cut from the
sheet. When specimens are tested flatwise, the notch shall be
made on the machined surface if the specimen is machined on
one face only. When the specimen is cut from a thick sheet,
notation shall be made of the portion of the thickness of the
sheet from which the specimen was cut, for example, center,
top, or bottom surface.
7.3.1 The impact resistance of a plastic material will be
different if the notch is perpendicular to, rather than parallel to,
the grain of an anisotropic bar cut from a sheet. Specimens cut
from sheets that are suspected of being anisotropic shall be
prepared and tested both lengthwise and crosswise to the
direction of the anisotropy.
7.4 The practice of cementing, bolting, clamping, or other-
wise combining specimens of substandard width to form a
composite test specimen is not recommended since test results
will be seriously affected by interface effects or effects of
solvents and cements on energy absorption of composite test
specimens, or both. If Charpy test data on such thin materials
are required, however, and if possible sources of error are
recognized and acceptable, the following technique of prepar-
ing composites ought to be utilized. The test specimens shall be
a composite of individual thin specimens totaling 6.35 to 12.7
mm (0.125 to 0.500 in.) in width. Individual members of the
composite shall be aligned accurately with each other and
clamped, bolted, or cemented together. Care must be taken to
select a solvent or adhesive that will not affect the impact
resistance of the material under test. If solvents or solvent–con-
taining adhesives are employed, a conditioning procedure shall
be established to ensure complete removal of the solvent prior
to test. The composite specimens shall be machined to proper
dimensions and then notched. In all such cases, the use of
composite specimens shall be noted in the report of test results.
7.5 Each specimen shall be free of twist and shall be
bounded by mutually perpendicular pairs of plane, paralleled
surfaces and free from scratches, pits, and sink marks. The
specimens shall be checked for conformity with these require-
ments by visual observation against straight edges, squares or
flat plates, and by measuring with micrometer calipers. Any
specimen showing observable or measurable departure from
one or more of these requirements shall be rejected or
machined to the proper size and shape before testing. A
specimen that has a slight twist to its notched face of 0.05 mm
(0.002 in.) at the point of contact with the pendulum striking
edge will be likely to have a characteristic fracture surface with
considerable greater fracture area than for a normal break. In
this case, the energy to break and toss the broken section will
be considerably larger (20 to 30 %) than for a normal break.
8. Notching Test Specimens
NOTE 8—When testing a material for the first time, it is necessary to
study the effect of all variations in the notching conditions, including
cutter dimensions, notch depth, cutter speed, and feed rate. To establish
that the notching parameters are suitable, it is advisable to notch several
specimens of the material and inspect both the tool entrance and tool exit
side of each notched specimen, in accordance with Appendix X1. Adjust
the notching machine as required. The specimens used to determine
notching conditions shall not be used to make determinations of impact
resistance.
8.1 Notch Dimensions—The included angle of the notch
shall be 45 6 1° with a radius of curvature at the apex of 0.25
6 0.05 mm (0.010 6 0.002 in.). The plane bisecting the notch
angle shall be perpendicular to the face of the test specimen
within 2°.
8.1.1 The notch is a critical factor of this test. It is extremely
important, therefore, that dimensions of the notch in the
specimen are verified. There is evidence that the contour of
notches cut in materials of widely differing physical properties
by the same cutter will differ. It is sometimes necessary to alter
the cutter dimensions in order to produce the required notch
contour for certain materials.
8.1.2 A notching operation notches one or more specimens
plus the “dummy bars”. The specimen notch produced by each
cutter will be examined after every 500 notching operations or
less frequently if experience shows this to be acceptable. The
specimen used to verify the notch shall be the same material
that is being prepared for testing. Inspect and verify the notch
in the specimen. If the angle or radius of the notch does not
meet the requirements of 8.1, the cutter shall be replaced. One
procedure for inspecting and verifying the notch is provided in
Appendix X1.
NOTE 9—The contour of the notch made using multi-tooth cutters is
checked by measuring the contour of the notch on a strip of soft metal that
is inserted between two specimens during the notching process.
NOTE 10—When the same material is being tested on a repetitive basis,
and it is demonstrated that the notch in the specimen takes the contour of
the tip of the cutter and that the notch meets the contour requirements
when checked in accordance with Appendix X1, then it is acceptable to
check the contour of the tip of the cutter instead of the notch in the
specimen.
8.2 Notch Depth—The depth of the plastic material remain-
ing in the specimen under the notch shall be 10.16 6 0.05 mm
(0.400 6 0.002 in.). This dimension shall be measured with
apparatus in accordance with 6.3. The tapered blade will be
fitted to the notch. The specimen will be approximately vertical
between the anvils. Position the edge of the non-cavity (wider
edge) surface centered on the micrometer’s flat circular anvil.
8.3 Cutter Speed and Feed Rate—Select the cutter speed
and feed speed based on the material being tested. The quality
of the notch will be adversely affected by thermal deformations
and stresses induced during the cutting operation if proper
conditions are not selected.5 The notching parameters used
shall not alter the physical state of the material, such as by
raising the temperature of a thermoplastic above its glass
transition temperature.
8.3.1 In general, high cutter speeds, slow feed rates, and
lack of coolant induce more thermal damage than a slow cutter
speed, fast feed speed, and the use of a coolant. Too high a feed
speed/cutter speed ratio, however, has been shown to cause
impacting and cracking of the specimen. The range of cutter
speed/feed ratios possible to produce acceptable notches has
been shown to be extended by the use of a suitable coolant.
8.3.1.1 For some thermoplastics, suitable notches have been
produced using cutter speeds from 54 to 150 m/min and a feed
rate of 89 to 160 mm/min without a water coolant. Satisfactory
5 Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D20-1066.
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notches also have been produced using the same cutter speeds
at feed speeds of from 36 to 160 mm/min with water coolant.
8.3.1.2 Embedded thermocouples have been used to deter-
mine the temperature rise in the material near the apex of the
notch during machining. Thermal stresses induced during the
notching operation have been observed in transparent materials
by viewing the specimen at low magnification between crossed
polars in monochromatic light. The specimens used to deter-
mine temperature rise shall not be used to make determinations
of impact resistance.
8.3.2 The feed rate and the cutter speed shall remain
constant throughout the notching operation.
8.4 It is acceptable to notch specimens individually or in a
group. In either case, however, an unnotched backup or dummy
bar shall be placed behind the last specimen in the sample
holder to prevent distortion and chipping by the cutter as it
exits from the last test specimen.
8.5 All specimens having one dimension less than 12.7 mm
(0.500 in.) shall have the notch cut on the shorter side.
Compression molded specimens shall be notched on the side
parallel to the direction of application of molding pressure. The
impact resistance of a plastic material will be different if the
notch is perpendicular to rather than parallel to the direction of
molding, as with or across the grain of an anisotropic bar cut
from a plate.
9. Conditioning
9.1 Check the materials specification for the material that is
being tested. If there are no conditioning requirements stated
by the materials specification, the test specimens shall be
conditioned at 23 6 2°C (73 6 3.6°F) and 50 6 10 % relative
humidity for not less than 40 h after notching and prior to
testing in accordance with Procedure A of Practice D618 unless
documented (between supplier and customer) that shorter
conditioning time is sufficient for a given material to reach
equilibrium of impact resistance.
9.2 For hygroscopic materials, such as nylons, the material
specifications (for example, Classification System D4066) call
for testing dry-as-molded specimens. Such requirements take
precedence over the above routine preconditioning to 50 %
relative humidity. These specimens shall be sealed in water
vapor-impermeable containers as soon as molded. When notch-
ing these specimens, minimize the exposure time during
notching and return the specimens to a dry container after
notching to allow for full cooling of the specimens prior to
testing.
9.3 Test Conditions—Conduct tests in the standard labora-
tory atmosphere of 23 6 2°C (73 6 3.6°F) and 50 6 10 %
relative humidity, unless otherwise specified. In cases of
disagreement, the tolerances shall be 61°C and 65 % relative
humidity.
10. Procedure
10.1 Specimen Preparation:
10.1.1 Prepare the test specimens in accordance with the
procedures in Section 7. At least five and preferably ten or
more individual determinations of impact resistance shall be
made to determine the average impact resistance for a particu-
lar sample. The specimens shall be of nominal width only.
10.1.2 Notch the specimens in accordance with the proce-
dure in Section 8.
10.1.3 Condition the specimens in accordance with the
materials specification for the material that is being tested. If
there are no conditioning requirements detailed in the materials
specification, follow the conditioning requirements in Section
9.
10.2 Machine Preparation:
10.2.1 Estimate the breaking energy for the sample and
select a pendulum of suitable energy. Select the lightest
standard pendulum that is expected to break all specimens in
the group with an energy loss of not more than 85 % of its
capacity (see 6.1). If the breaking energy cannot be estimated,
select the correct pendulum by performing trial runs. Use
caution to avoid damaging the pendulum by selecting a
pendulum that is too light for a particular sample.
NOTE 11—Ideally, an impact test would be conducted at a constant test
velocity. In a pendulum-type test, however, the velocity decreases as the
fracture progresses. For specimens that have an impact energy approach-
ing the capacity of the pendulum, there is insufficient energy to complete
the break and toss. By avoiding the higher 15 % scale energy readings, the
velocity of the pendulum will not be reduced below 1.33 m/s. On the other
hand, the use of a pendulum that is too heavy would reduce the sensitivity
of the reading.
10.2.2 After installing the selected pendulum on the
machine, check the machine for conformity with the require-
ments of Section 6 before starting the tests.
10.2.3 When using a machine equipped with a pointer and
dial mechanism or an electronic indicator that does not
automatically correct for windage and friction, determine the
windage and friction correction factors for the machine before
testing specimens. Windage and friction correction factors
shall be determined on a daily basis and shall be calculated
each time weights are added to the pendulum or the pendulum
is changed. Refer to Annex A1 for information on constructing
windage and friction correction charts or refer to Annex A2 for
a procedure to calculate the windage and friction correction. If
excessive friction is indicated (see X2.12 and X2.13) the
machine shall be adjusted before testing specimens. Follow the
machine manufacturer’s instructions to correct for excessive
windage and friction.
NOTE 12—The actual correction factors for windage and friction will be
smaller than these factors in an actual test because the energy absorbed by
the specimen prevents the pendulum from making a full swing. The
indicated breaking energy of the specimen, therefore, must be included in
the calculation of the machine correction.
10.2.4 Some machines equipped with an electronic digital
display or computer automatically compensate for windage and
friction.
10.3 Specimen Testing:
10.3.1 Check all of the specimens in the sample group for
conformity with the requirements of Sections 7 and 8 and 10.1.
10.3.2 Measure and record the width of each specimen after
notching to the nearest 0.025 mm (0.001 in). Measure the
width in one location adjacent to the notch centered about the
anticipated fracture plane.
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10.3.3 Measure and record the depth of material remaining
in the specimen under the notch of each specimen to the nearest
0.025 mm (0.001 in). The tapered blade will be fitted to the
notch. The specimen will be approximately vertical between
the anvils. Position the edge of the non-cavity (wider edge)
surface so that it is centered on the micrometer’s flat circular
anvil. See Fig. 5.
10.3.4 Position a test specimen horizontally on the supports
and against the anvils so that it will be impacted on the face
opposite the notch (see Fig. 3). Center the notch between the
anvils. A centering jig is useful for this purpose.
10.3.5 Raise and secure the pendulum in the release mecha-
nism and reset the indicating mechanism.
10.3.6 Release the pendulum, allowing the striking edge of
the pendulum to impact the specimen. Note the indicated
breaking energy.
10.3.7 Calculate the net breaking energy (see 11.1). If the
net breaking energy is greater than 85 % of the pendulum’s
nominal energy, the wrong pendulum was used. Discard the
result. Select and install a pendulum with a greater available
energy or add additional weight to the pendulum, determine the
windage and friction correction factor, and repeat the test on a
new specimen.
10.3.8 If the proper pendulum was used, test the remaining
specimens as described in 10.3.1 – 10.3.6. Results from
specimens that do not break shall be discarded. A specimen that
does not break completely into two or more pieces is not
considered to be broken.
10.3.9 After all of the specimens for the sample have been
tested, calculate the impact resistance, in joules per metre, for
each individual specimen (see 11.2).
10.3.10 Calculate the average impact resistance for the
group of specimens (see 11.3). Values obtained from specimens
that did not break completely shall not be included in the
average.
10.3.11 Calculate the standard deviation for the group of
specimens (see 11.4).
11. Calculation
11.1 Net Breaking Energy—Subtract the windage and fric-
tion loss energy from the indicated breaking energy.
11.2 Impact Resistance—Divide the net breaking energy by
the measured width of each individual specimen.
11.3 Calculate the average impact resistance for a group of
specimens by adding the individual impact resistance values
for the group and dividing the sum by the total number of
specimens in the group.
11.4 Calculate the standard deviation as follows and report
it to two significant figures:
s 5 =~( X2 2 n X¯ 2 / ~n 2 1! (3)
where:
s = estimated standard deviation,
X = value of single observation,
n = number of observations, and
X¯ = arithmetic mean of the set of observations.
12. Report
12.1 Report the following information:
12.1.1 Complete identification of the material tested, includ-
ing type source, manufacturer’s code number, and previous
history.
12.1.2 A statement of how the specimens were prepared, the
testing conditions used, the number of hours the specimens
were conditioned after notching, and for sheet materials, the
direction of testing with respect to anisotropy, if any.
12.1.3 The capacity of the pendulum, J.
12.1.4 The span.
12.1.5 The width and depth under the notch of each speci-
men tested.
12.1.6 The total number of specimens tested per sample of
material (that is five, ten, or more).
12.1.7 The average impact resistance, J/m. Impact resis-
tance is not to be reported for other than complete breaks.
Reporting results in kJ/m2 is optional (see Appendix X4).
12.1.8 The standard deviation of the values of the impact
resistance of the specimens in 10.3.11.
13. Precision and Bias
13.1 Table 1 is based on a round robin6 conducted in 1987
in accordance with Practice E691, involving five materials
tested by nine laboratories. For each material, all samples were
prepared at one source, but the individual specimens were
notched and conditioned at the laboratories which tested them.
Each laboratory tested an average of nine specimens for each
material. (Warning—The explanations of r and R (13.2 –
13.2.3) are intended only to present a meaningful way of
considering the approximate precision of this test method. The
data presented in Table 1 are not to be applied to acceptance or
rejection of materials, as these data apply only to the materials
tested in the round robin and are unlikely to be rigorously
representative of other lots, formulations, conditions, materials,
or laboratories. Users of this test method are advised to apply
6 Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D20-1134.
TABLE 1 Precision for Charpy Test
Values in ft·lbf/in. of Width
Material Average Sr A SR B r C R D
Number of
Laboratories
Phenolic 0.55 0.029 0.050 0.08 0.14 7
Reinforced
nylon 1.98 0.065 0.143 0.18 0.40 7
Polycarbonate 2.85 0.083 0.422 0.23 1.19 8
Polypropylene 4.06 0.151 0.422 0.42 1.19 9
ABS 10.3 0.115 0.629 0.32 1.78 9
ASr = within-laboratory standard deviation for the indicated material. It is obtained
by pooling the within-laboratory standard deviations of the test result from all of the
participating laboratories:
Sr 5 f fsS1d21sS2d2. . .1sSnd2g/ng1/2
BSR = between-laboratories reproducibility, expressed as standard deviation:
SR 5 f Sr21SL2 g1/2
where SL = standard deviation of laboratory means.
Cr = within-laboratory critical interval between two test results = 2.8 × Sr.
DR = between laboratories critical interval between two test results = 2.8 × SR.
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the principles outlined in Practice E691 to generate data
specific to their materials and laboratory, or between specific
laboratories. The principles of 13.2 – 13.2.3 would then be
valid for such data.)
13.2 Concept of r and R in Table 1 —If Sr and SR have been
calculated from a large enough body of data, and for test results
that were averages from testing nine specimens for each test
result, then:
13.2.1 Repeatability—r is the interval representing the criti-
cal difference between two test results for the same material,
obtained by the same operator using the same equipment on the
same day in the same laboratory. Two tests results shall be
judged not equivalent if they differ by more than the r value for
that material.
13.2.2 Reproducibility—R is the interval representing the
critical difference between two test results for the same
material, obtained by different operators using different equip-
ment in different laboratories, not necessarily on the same day.
Two test results shall be judged not equivalent if they differ by
more than the R value for that material.
13.2.3 Any judgement in accordance with 13.2.1 or 13.2.2
would have an approximate 95 % (0.95) probability of being
correct.
13.3 There are no recognized standards by which to esti-
mate bias of this test method.
14. Keywords
14.1 Charpy impact; impact resistance; notch sensitivity;
notched specimen
ANNEXES
(Mandatory Information)
A1. INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF A WINDAGE AND FRICTION CORRECTION CHART
A1.1 The construction and use of the chart herein described
is based upon the assumption that the friction and windage
losses are proportional to the angle through which these loss
torques are applied to the pendulum. Fig. A1.1 shows the
assumed energy loss versus the angle of the pendulum position
during the pendulum swing. The correction chart to be de-
scribed is principally the left half of Fig. A1.1. Some manu-
facturers supply windage and friction correction charts for their
equipment. The energy losses designated as A or B are
described in 10.3.
A1.2 Start the construction of the correction chart (Fig.
A1.2) by laying off to some convenient linear scale on the
abscissa of a graph the angle of pendulum position for the
portion of the swing beyond the free hanging position. For
convenience, place the free hanging reference point on the
right end of the abscissa with the angular displacement
increasing linearly to the left. The abscissa is referred to as
Scale C. Although angular displacement is the quantity to be
represented linearly on the abscissa, this displacement is more
conveniently expressed in terms of indicated energy read from
the machine dial. This yields a nonlinear Scale C with indicated
pendulum energy increasing to the right.
A1.3 On the right hand ordinate lay off a linear Scale B
starting with zero at the bottom and stopping at the maximum
expected pendulum friction and windage value at the top.
A1.4 On the left ordinate construct a linear Scale D ranging
from zero at the bottom to 1.2 times the maximum ordinate
FIG. A1.1 Method of Construction of a Windage and Friction Cor-
rection Chart
FIG. A1.2 Sample Windage and Friction Correction Chart
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value appearing on Scale B, but make the scale twice the scale
used in the construction of Scale B.
A1.5 Adjoining Scale D draw a curve OA which is the focus
of points whose coordinates have equal values of energy
correction on Scale D and indicated energy on Scale C. This
curve is referred to as Scale A and utilizes the same divisions
and numbering system as the adjoining Scale D.
A1.6 Instructions for Using Chart:
A1.6.1 Locate and mark on Scale A the reading A obtained
from the free swing of the pendulum with the pointer prepo-
sitioned in the free hanging or maximum indicated energy
position on the dial.
A1.6.2 Locate and mark on Scale B the reading B obtained
after several free swings with the pointer pushed up close to
zero indicated energy position of the dial by the pendulum in
accordance with instructions in 10.3.
A1.6.3 Connect the two points thus obtained by a straight
line.
A1.6.4 From the indicated impact energy on Scale C project
up to the constructed line and across to the left to obtain the
correction for windage and friction from Scale D.
A1.6.5 Subtract this correction from the indicated impact
reading to obtain the energy delivered to the specimen.
A2. PROCEDURE FOR THE CALCULATION OF WINDAGE AND FRICTION CORRECTION
A2.1 The procedure for the calculation of the windage and
friction correction in this annex is based on the equations
developed by derivation in Appendix X3. This procedure is
acceptable as a substitute for the graphical procedure described
in Annex A1 and is applicable to small electronic calculator
and computer analysis.
A2.2 Calculate L, the distance from the axis of support to
the center of percussion as indicated in 6.3. It is assumed here
that the center of percussion is approximately the same as the
center of strike.
A2.3 Measure the maximum height, hM, of the center of
percussion (center of strike) of the pendulum at the start of the
test as indicated in X2.11.
A2.4 Measure and record the energy correction, EA, for
windage of the pendulum plus friction in the dial, as deter-
mined with the first swing of the pendulum with no specimen
in the testing device. This correction must be read on the
energy scale, EM, appropriate for the pendulum used.
A2.5 Without resetting the position of the indicator obtained
in A2.4, measure the energy correction, EB, for pendulum
windage after two additional releases of the pendulum with no
specimen in the testing device.
A2.6 Calculate βmax as follows:
βmax 5 cos21 $1 2 @~hM/L!~1 2 EA/EM!#% (A2.1)
where:
EA = energy correction for windage of pendulum plus
friction in dial, J (ft·lbf),
EM = full-scale reading for pendulum used, J (ft·lbf),
L = distance from fulcrum to center of strike of
pendulum, m (ft),
hM = maximum height of center of strike of pendulum at
start of test, m (ft), and
βmax = maximum angle pendulum will travel with one swing
of the pendulum.
A2.7 Measure specimen breaking energy, ES, J (ft·lbf).
A2.8 Calculate β for specimen measurement Es as:
β 5 cos21 $1 2 @~hM/L!~1 2 ES/EM!#% (A2.2)
where:
β = angle pendulum travels for a given specimen, and
ES = dial reading breaking energy for a specimen, J (ft·lbf).
A2.9 Calculate total correction energy, ETC as:
ETC 5 ~EA 2 ~EB/2!!~β/βmax!1~EB/2! (A2.3)
where:
ETC = total correction energy for the breaking energy, Es, of
a specimen, J (ft·lbf), and
EB = energy correction for windage of the pendulum, J
(ft·lbf).
A2.10 Calculate the impact resistance using the following
formula:
Is 5 ~Es 2 ETC!/t (A2.4)
where:
Is = impact resistance of specimen, J/m (ft·lbf/in.) of width,
and
t = width of specimen or width of notch, m (in.)
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APPENDIXES
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1. PROCEDURE FOR THE INSPECTION AND VERIFICATION OF NOTCH
X1.1 The purpose of this procedure is to describe the
microscopic method to be used for determining the radius and
angle of the notch. These measurements could also be made
using a comparator if available.
NOTE X1.1—The notch shall have a radius of 0.25 6 0.05 mm (0.010
6 0.002 in.) and an angle of 45 6 1°.
X1.2 Apparatus:
X1.2.1 Optical Device, with minimum magnification of
60×, Filar glass scale and camera attachment.
X1.2.2 Transparent Template, that will be developed in this
procedure.
X1.2.3 Ruler.
X1.2.4 Compass.
X1.2.5 Plastic Drafting Set Squares (Triangles),
45–45–90°.
X1.3 A transparent template must be developed for each
magnification and for each microscope used. It is preferable
that each laboratory standardize on one microscope and one
magnification. It is not necessary for each laboratory to use the
same magnification because each microscope and camera
combination have somewhat different blowup ratios.
X1.3.1 Set the magnification of the optical device at a
suitable magnification with a minimum magnification of 60×.
X1.3.2 Place the Filar glass slide on the microscope plat-
form. Focus the microscope so the most distinct of the Filar
scale is visible.
X1.3.3 Take a photograph of the Filar scale (see
Fig. X1.1).
X1.3.4 Create a template similar to that shown in
Fig. X1.2.
X1.3.4.1 Find the approximate center of the piece of paper.
X1.3.4.2 Draw a set of perpendicular coordinates through
the center point.
X1.3.4.3 Draw a family of concentric circles that are spaced
in accordance with the dimensions of the Filar scale. This task
is accomplished by first setting a mechanical compass at a
distance of 0.1 mm (0.004 in.) as referenced by the magnified
photograph of the Filar eyepiece. Subsequent circles shall be
spaced 0.02 mm apart (0.001 in.), as rings, with the outer ring
being 0.4 mm (0.016 in.) from the center.
X1.3.5 Photocopy the paper with the concentric circles to
make a transparent template of the concentric circles.
X1.3.6 Construct Fig. X1.3 by taking a second piece of
paper, finding its approximate center, and marking this point.
Draw one line through this center point. Label this line zero
degree (0°). Draw a second line perpendicular to the first line
through this center point. Label this line 90°. From the center
draw a line that is 44° relative to the 0°. Label the line 44°.
Draw another line at 46°. Label the line 46°.
X1.4 Place a microscope glass slide on the microscope
platform. Place the notched specimen on top of the slide. Focus
the microscope. Move the specimen around using the platform
adjusting knobs until the specimen’s notch is centered and near
the bottom of the viewing area. Take a picture of the notch.
X1.4.1 Determination of Notching Radius (Fig. X1.4):
NOTE 1—100× Reference
NOTE 2—0.1 mm major scale; 0.01 mm minor scale
FIG. X1.1 Filar Scale
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X1.4.1.1 Place the picture on a sheet of paper. Position the
picture so that bottom of the notch in the picture faces
downwards and is about 64 mm (2.5 in.) from the bottom of the
paper. Tape the picture down to the paper.
X1.4.1.2 Draw two lines along the sides of the notch
projecting down to a point where they intersect below the notch
Point I (see Fig. X1.4B).
X1.4.1.3 Open the compass to about 51 mm (2 in.). Using
Point I as a reference, draw two arcs intersecting both sides of
the notch (see Fig. X1.4C). These intersections are called 1a
and 1b.
X1.4.1.4 Close the compass to about 38 mm (1.5 in.). Using
Point 1a as the reference point, draw an arc (2a) above the
notch, draw a second arc (2b) that intersects with arc 2a at
Point J. Draw a line between I and J. This establishes the
centerline of the notch (see Fig. X1.4D)
X1.4.1.5 Place the transparent template on top of the picture
and align the center of the concentric circles with the drawn
centerline of the notch (see Fig. X1.4E).
X1.4.1.6 Slide the template down the centerline of the notch
until one concentric circle touches both sides of the notch.
Record the radius of the notch and compare it against the limits
of 0.2 to 0.3 mm (0.008 to 0.012 in.).
X1.4.1.7 Examine the notch to ensure that there are no flat
spots along the measured radius.
X1.4.2 Determination of Notch Angle—Place transparent
template for determining notch angle (Fig. X1.3) on top of the
photograph attached to the sheet of paper. Rotate the picture so
that the notch tip is pointed towards you. Position the center
point of the template on top of the Point I established in 0° axis
of the template with the right side straight portion of the notch.
Check the left side straight portion of the notch to ensure that
this portion falls between the 44° and 46° lines. If not, replace
the blade.
X1.5 A picture of a notch shall be taken at least every 500
notches or if a control sample gives a value outside its 3-sigma
limits for that test.
NOTE 1—Magnification = 100×
FIG. X1.2 Example of Transparent Template for Determining Radius of Notch
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X1.6 If the notch in the control specimen is not within the
requirements, take a picture of the notching blade and analyze
it by the same procedure used for the specimen notch. If the
notching blade does not meet ASTM requirements or shows
damage, it shall be replaced with a new blade which has been
checked for proper dimensions.
X1.7 If a cutter has the correct dimensions, but does not cut
the correct notch in the specimen, it will be necessary to
evaluate other conditions (cutter and feed speeds) to obtain the
correct notch dimension for that material.
FIG. X1.3 Example of Transparent Template for Determining Angle of Notch
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FIG. X1.4 Determination of Notching Radius
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X2. CALIBRATION OF PENDULUM-TYPE HAMMER IMPACT MACHINES FOR USE WITH PLASTIC SPECIMENS
X2.1 This calibration procedure applies specifically to the
Charpy impact machine.
X2.2 Locate the impact machine on a sturdy base. It shall
not walk on the base and the base shall not vibrate appreciably.
Loss of energy from vibrations will give high readings. It is
recommended that the impact tester be bolted to a base having
a mass of at least 23 kg if it is used at capacities higher than 2.7
J (2 ft·lbf).
X2.3 Check the level of the machine in both directions on
the plane of the base with spirit levels mounted in the base, by
a machinist’s level if a satisfactory reference surface is
available, or with a plumb bob. Level the machine to within
tan–1 0.001 in the plane of swing and to within tan–1 0.002 in
the place perpendicular to the swing.
X2.4 Contact the machine manufacturer for a procedure to
ensure the striker radius is in tolerance (3.17 6 0.12 mm) (see
6.1.2).
X2.5 Check the transverse location of the center of the
pendulum striking edge that shall be within 0.40 mm (0.016
in.) of the center of the anvil. Readjust the shaft bearings or
relocate the anvil or straighten the pendulum shaft as necessary
to attain the proper relationship between the two centers.
X2.6 Check the pendulum arm for straightness within 1.2
mm (0.05 in.) with a straightedge or by sighting down the
shaft. This arm is sometimes bent by allowing the pendulum to
slam against the catch when high–capacity weights are on the
pendulum.
X2.7 Center a notched 12.7-mm square metal bar having
opposite sides parallel within 0.025 mm and 125 mm long on
the Charpy anvils. Place a thin oil film, ink or dye on the
striking edge of the pendulum and let the striking edge rest
gently against the bar. If the striking edge is correctly making
contact with the specimen, a thin line of oil, ink, or dye will be
transferred across the entire width of the bar.
X2.8 When the pendulum is hanging free in its lowest
position, the energy reading must be within 0.2 % of full scale.
X2.9 Swing the pendulum to a horizontal position, and
support it by the striking edge in this position with a vertical
bar. Allow the other end of this bar to rest at the center of a load
pan on a balanced scale. Subtract the weight of the bar from the
total weight to find the effective weight of the pendulum. The
effective pendulum weight shall be within 0.4 % of the
required weight for that pendulum capacity. If weight must be
added or removed, take care to balance the added or removed
weight without affecting the center of percussion relative to the
striking edge. It is not advisable to add weight to the opposite
side of the bearing axis from the striking edge to decrease the
effective weight of the pendulum since the distributed mass has
the potential to result in large energy losses from vibration of
the pendulum.
X2.10 Calculate the effective length of the pendulum arm or
the distance to the center of percussion from the axis of rotation
by the procedure in 6.1.2. The effective length must be within
the tolerance stated in 6.1.1.2.
X2.11 Determine the vertical distance of fall of the pendu-
lum striking edge from its latched height to its lowest point.
This distance shall be 610 6 2 mm. This measurement is made
with a half-width specimen positioned on the anvils. Place a
thin oil film on the specimen and bring the striking edge against
it. The upper end of the oil line on the striking edge is the
center of strike. Measure the change in vertical height of the
center of strike from the latched to the free hang position (the
lowest point). This vertical fall distance is adjusted by varying
the position of the pendulum latch.
X2.12 If a pointer and dial mechanism is used to indicate
the energy, the pointer friction shall be adjusted so that the
pointer will just maintain its position anywhere on the scale.
The striking pin of the pointer shall be securely fastened to the
pointer. Friction washers with glazed surfaces shall be replaced
with new washers. Friction washers shall be on either side of
the pointer collar. The last friction washer installed shall be
backed by a heavy metal washer. Pressure on this metal washer
is produced by a thin bent spring washer and locknuts. If the
spring washer is placed next to the fiber friction washer, the
pointer will tend to vibrate during impact.
X2.13 The free-swing reading of the pendulum (without
specimen) from the latched height shall be less than 2.5 % of
pendulum capacity on the first swing. If the reading is higher
than this, the friction in the indicating mechanism is excessive
or the bearings are dirty. To clean the bearings, dip them in
grease solvent and spin dry in an air jet. Clean the bearings
until they spin freely or replace them. Oil very lightly with
instrument oil before replacing. A reproducible method of
starting the pendulum from the proper height must be devised.
X2.14 The shaft about which the pendulum rotates shall
have no detectable radial play, less than 0.05 mm (0.002 in.).
An end play of 0.25 mm (0.010 in.) is permissible when a
9.8-N (2.2-lbf) axial force is applied in alternate directions.
X2.15 The machine shall not be used to indicate more than
85 % of the energy capacity of the pendulum. Extra weight
added to the pendulum will increase available energy of the
machine. This weight must be added so as to maintain the
center of percussion within the tolerance stated in 6.1.2.
Correct effective weight for any range is calculated as follows:
W 5 Ep/h (X2.1)
where:
W = the effective pendulum weight, N (lbf) (see X2.9),
Ep = potential or available energy of the machine, J (ft × lbf),
and
h = the vertical distance of fall of the pendulum striking
edge, m (ft) (see X2.11).
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Each 4.5 N (1 lbf) of added effective weight increases the
capacity of the machine by 2.7 J (2 ft × lbf).
NOTE X2.1—If the pendulum is designed for use with add-on weight, it
is recommended that they be obtained through the equipment manufac-
turer.
X3. DERIVATION OF PENDULUM IMPACT CORRECTION EQUATIONS
X3.1 From right triangle distances in Fig. X3.1:
L 2 h 5 Lcosβ (X3.1)
X3.2 The potential energy gain of pendulum, Ep, is:
Ep 5 hWpg (X3.2)
X3.3 Combining Eq X3.1 and Eq X3.2 gives the following:
L 2 Ep/Wpg 5 Lcosβ (X3.3)
X3.4 The maximum energy of the pendulum is the potential
energy at the start of the test, EM, or
EM 5 hMWpg (X3.4)
X3.5 The potential energy gained by the pendulum, Ep, is
related to the absorption of energy of a specimen, Es, by the
following equation:
EM 2 Es 5 Ep (X3.5)
X3.6 Combining Eq X3.3-X3.5 gives the following:
~EM 2 ES!/EM 5 L/hM~1 2 cos β! (X3.6)
X3.7 Solving Eq X3.6 for β gives the following:
β 5 cos21 $1 2 @~hM/L!~1 2 ES/EM!#% (X3.7)
X3.8 From Fig. X3.2, the total energy correction, ETC, is
given as:
ETC 5 mβ1b (X3.8)
X3.9 At the zero point of the pendulum the potential energy
is:
EB/2 5 m~0!1b (X3.9)
or
b 5 EB/2
X3.10 The energy correction, EA, on the first swing of the
pendulum occurs at the maximum pendulum angle, βmax.
Substituting in Eq X3.8 gives the following:
EA 5 mβmax1~EB/2! (X3.10)
X3.11 Combining Eq X3.8 and Eq X3.11 gives the follow-
ing:
ETC 5 ~EA 2 ~EB/2!!~β/βmax!1~EB/2! (X3.11)
X3.12 Nomenclature:
b = intercept of total correction energy straight line,
EA = energy correction, including both pendulum windage
plus dial friction, J,
EB = energy correction for pendulum windage only, J,
EM = maximum energy of the pendulum (at the start of
test), J,
Ep = potential energy gain of pendulum from the pendu-
lum rest position, J,
ES = uncorrected breaking energy of specimen, J,
ETC = total energy correction for a given breaking energy,
ES, J,
g = acceleration of gravity, m/s2,
h = distance center of gravity of pendulum rises verti-
cally from the rest position of the pendulum, m,
hm = maximum height of the center of gravity of the
pendulum, m,
m = slope of total correction energy straight line,
L = distance from fulcrum to center of gravity of
pendulum, m,
Wp = weight of pendulum, as determined in X2.13, kg, and
β = angle of pendulum position from the pendulum rest
position.
FIG. X3.1 Swing of Pendulum from Its Rest Position
FIG. X3.2 Total Energy Correction for Pendulum Windage and
Dial Friction as a Function of Pendulum Position
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X4. UNIT CONVERSIONS
X4.1 Joules per metre cannot be converted directly into
kilojoules per square metre.
NOTE X4.1—If the optional units of kJ/m2 (ft·lbf ⁄ in.2) are required the
cross-sectional area under the notch must be reported.
X4.2 The following examples are approximations:
1ft·lbf/39.37 in.= 1.356 J/m
1ft·lbf/in.= (39.37)(1.356) J/m
1ft·lbf/in.= 53.4 J/m
1ft·lbf/in.= 0.0534 kJ/m
1ft·lbf/1550 in.2= 1.356 J/m2
1ft·lbf/in.2= (1550)(1.356) J/m2
1ft·lbf/in.2= 2101 J/m2
1ft·lbf/in.2= 2.1 kJ/m2
SUMMARY OF CHANGES
Committee D20 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (D6110 - 08)
that may impact the use of this standard. (April 1, 2010)
(1) Revised Section 9.
ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned
in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk
of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.
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Designation: D792 − 13
Standard Test Methods for
Density and Specific Gravity (Relative Density) of Plastics
by Displacement1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D792; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 These test methods describe the determination of the
specific gravity (relative density) and density of solid plastics
in forms such as sheets, rods, tubes, or molded items.
1.2 Two test methods are described:
1.2.1 Test Method A—For testing solid plastics in water, and
1.2.2 Test Method B—For testing solid plastics in liquids
other than water.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
NOTE 1—This standard is not equivalent to ISO 1183–1 Method A. This
test method provides more guidelines on sample weight and dimension.
ISO 1183-1 allows testing at an additional temperature of 27 6 2°C.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:2
D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
D891 Test Methods for Specific Gravity, Apparent, of Liquid
Industrial Chemicals
D4968 Guide for Annual Review of Test Methods and
Specifications for Plastics
D6436 Guide for Reporting Properties for Plastics and
Thermoplastic Elastomers
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
E12 Terminology Relating to Density and Specific Gravity
of Solids, Liquids, and Gases (Withdrawn 1996)3
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
IEEE/ASTM SI-10 Practice for Use of the International
System of Units (SI) (the Modernized Metric System)
3. Terminology
3.1 General—The units, symbols, and abbreviations used in
these test methods are in accordance with IEEE/ASTM SI-10.
3.2 Definitions:
3.2.1 specific gravity (relative density)—the ratio of the
mass of a given volume of the impermeable portion of the
material at 23°C to the mass of an equal volume of gas-free
distilled or de-mineralized water at the same temperature; the
form of expression shall be:
Specific gravity ~relative density! 23/23°C
~or sp gr 23/23°C!
NOTE 2—This definition is essentially equivalent to the definition for
apparent specific gravity and apparent density in Terminology E12,
because the small percentage difference introduced by not correcting for
the buoyancy of air is insignificant for most purposes.
3.2.2 density—cubic metre of impermeable portion of the
material at 23°C. The form of expression shall be:
D23, kg/m3
NOTE 3—The SI unit of density, as defined in IEEE/ASTM SI-10, is
kg/m3. To convert density in g/cm3 to density in kg/m3, multiply by 1000.
NOTE 4—To convert specific gravity 23/23°C to density 23°C, kg/m3,
use the following equation:
D23 C, kg/m3 5 sp gr 23/23°C 3 997.5
Where 997.5 kg/m3 is the density of water at 23°C.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 Determine the mass of a specimen of the solid plastic in
air. It is then immersed in a liquid, its apparent mass upon
immersion is determined, and its specific gravity (relative
density) calculated.
1 These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on
Plastics and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.70 on Analytical
Methods (Section D20.70.01).
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2013. Published November 2013. Originally
approved in 1944. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D792 - 08. DOI:
10.1520/D0792-13.
2 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
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5. Significance and Use
5.1 The specific gravity or density of a solid is a property
that is conveniently measured to identify a material, to follow
physical changes in a sample, to indicate degree of uniformity
among different sampling units or specimens, or to indicate the
average density of a large item.
5.2 Changes in density of a single material are due to
localized differences in crystallinity, loss of plasticizer, absorp-
tion of solvent, or to other causes. It is possible that portions of
a sample differ in density because of their differences in
crystallinity, thermal history, porosity, and composition (types
or proportions of resin, plasticizer, pigment, or filler).
5.3 Density is useful for calculating strength-weight and
cost-weight ratios.
6. Sampling
6.1 The sampling units used for the determination of spe-
cific gravity (relative density) shall be representative of the
quantity of product for which the data are required.
6.1.1 If it is known or suspected that the sample consists of
two or more layers or sections having different specific
gravities, either complete finished parts or complete cross
sections of the parts or shapes shall be used as the specimens,
or separate specimens shall be taken and tested from each
layer. The specific gravity (relative density) of the total part
shall not be obtained by adding the specific gravity of the
layers, unless relative percentages of the layers are taken into
account.
7. Conditioning
7.1 Conditioning—Condition the test specimens at
23 6 2°C and 50 6 10 % relative humidity for not less than 40
h prior to test in accordance with Procedure A of Practice
D618, unless otherwise specified by the contract or relevant
material specifications. In cases of disagreement, the tolerances
shall be 61°C and 65 % relative humidity.
7.2 Test Conditions—Conduct tests in the standard labora-
tory atmosphere of 23 6 2°C and 50 6 10 % relative humidity,
unless otherwise specified in this specification or by the
contract or relevant material specification. In cases of
disagreement, the tolerances shall be 61°C and 65 % relative
humidity.
TEST METHOD A FOR TESTING SOLID PLASTICS
IN WATER (SPECIMENS 1 TO 50 g)
8. Scope
8.1 This test method involves weighing a one-piece speci-
men of 1 to 50 g in water, using a sinker with plastics that are
lighter than water. This test method is suitable for plastics that
are wet by, but otherwise not affected by water.
9. Apparatus
9.1 Analytical Balance—A balance with a precision of 0.1
mg or better is required for materials having densities less than
1.00 g/cm3 and sample weights less than 10 grams. For all
other materials and sample weights, a balance with precision of
1 mg or better is acceptable (see Note 5). The balance shall be
equipped with a stationary support for the immersion vessel
above the balance pan (“pan straddle”).
NOTE 5—The balance shall provide the precision that all materials
tested have three significant figures on density. In case that materials with
different densities are tested on one single balance, use the balance that
provides at least three significant figures for all materials concerned.
NOTE 6—To assure that the balance meets the performance
requirements, check on zero point and sensitivity frequently and perform
periodic calibration.
9.2 Sample Holder, corrosion-resistant (for example, wire,
gemholder, etc.).
9.3 Sinker—A sinker for use with specimens of plastics that
have specific gravities less than 1.00. The sinker shall: (1) be
corrosion-resistant; (2) have a specific gravity of not less than
7.0; (3) have smooth surfaces and a regular shape; and (4) be
slightly heavier than necessary to sink the specimen. The
sinker shall have an opening to facilitate attachment to the
specimen and sample holder.
9.4 Immersion Vessel—A beaker or other wide-mouthed
vessel for holding the water and immersed specimen.
9.5 Thermometer—A thermometer readable to 0.1°C or
better.
10. Materials
10.1 Water—The water shall be substantially air-free and
distilled or de-mineralized water.
NOTE 7—Air in water can be removed by boiling and cooling the water,
or by shaking the water under vacuum in a heavy-walled vacuum flask.
(Warning—Use gloves and shielding.) If the water does not wet the
specimen, add a few drops of a wetting agent into the water. If this
solution does not wet the specimen, Method B shall be used.
11. Test Specimen
11.1 The test specimen shall be a single piece of material
with a size and shape suitable for the testing apparatus,
provided that its volume shall be not less than 1 cm3 and its
surface and edges shall be made smooth. The thickness of the
specimen shall be at least 1 mm for each 1 g of weight. A
specimen weighing 1 to 5 g was found to be convenient, but
specimens up to approximately 50 g are also acceptable (see
Note 8). Care shall be taken in cutting specimens to avoid
changes in density resulting from compressive stresses or
frictional heating.
NOTE 8—Specifications for certain plastics require a particular method
of specimen preparation and should be consulted if applicable.
11.2 The specimen shall be free from oil, grease, and other
foreign matter.
12. Procedure
12.1 Measure and record the water temperature.
12.2 Weigh the specimen in air. Weigh to the nearest 0.1 mg
for specimens of mass 1 to 10 g and density less than 1.00
g/cm3. Weigh to the nearest 1 mg for other specimens.
12.3 If necessary, attach to the balance a piece of fine wire
sufficiently long to reach from the hook above the pan to the
support for the immersion vessel. In this case attach the
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specimen to the wire such that it is suspended about 25 mm
above the vessel support.
NOTE 9—If a wire is used, weigh the specimen in air after hanging from
the wire. In this case, record the mass of the specimen, a = (mass of
specimen + wire, in air) − (mass of wire in air).
12.4 Mount the immersion vessel on the support, and
completely immerse the suspended specimen (and sinkers, if
used) in water (see 10.1) at a temperature of 23 6 2°C. The
vessel must not touch sample holder or specimen. Remove any
bubbles adhering to the specimen, sample holder, or sinker, by
rubbing them with a wire. Pay particular attention to holes in
the specimen and sinker. If the bubbles are not removed by this
method or if bubbles are continuously formed (as from
dissolved gases), the use of vacuum is recommended (see Note
10). Determine the mass of the suspended specimen to the
required precision (see 12.2) (see Note 11). Record this
apparent mass as b (the mass of the specimen, sinker, if used,
and the partially immersed wire in liquid). Unless otherwise
specified, weigh rapidly in order to minimize absorption of
water by the specimen.
NOTE 10—Some specimens may contain absorbed or dissolved gases,
or irregularities which tend to trap air bubbles; any of these may affect the
density values obtained. In such cases, the immersed specimen may be
subjected to vacuum in a separate vessel until evolution of bubbles has
substantially ceased before weighing (see Test Method B). It must also be
demonstrated that the use of this technique leads to results of the required
degree of precision.
NOTE 11—It may be necessary to change the sensitivity adjustment of
the balance to overcome the damping effect of the immersed specimen.
12.5 Weigh the sample holder (and sinker, if used) in water
with immersion to the same depth as used in the previous step
(Notes 12 and 13). Record this weight as w (mass of the sample
holder in liquid).
NOTE 12—If a wire is used, it is convenient to mark the level of
immersion by means of a shallow notch filed in the wire. The finer the
wire, the greater the tolerance is permitted in adjusting the level of
immersion between weighings. With wire Awg No. 36 or finer, disregard
its degrees of immersion and, if no sinker is used, use the mass of the wire
in air as w.
NOTE 13—If the wire is used and is left attached to the balance arm
during a series of determinations, determine the mass a with the aid of a
tare on the other arm of the balance or as in Note 9. In such cases, care
must be taken that the change of mass of the wire (for example, from
visible water) between readings does not exceed the desired precision.
12.6 Repeat the procedure for the required number of
specimens. Two specimens per sample are recommended.
Determine acceptability of number of replicate test specimens
by comparing results with precision data given in Tables 1 and
2. Use additional specimens if desired.
13. Calculation
13.1 Calculate the specific gravity of the plastic as follows:
sp gr 23/23°C 5 a/~a1w 2 b!
where:
a = apparent mass of specimen, without wire or sinker, in
air,
b = apparent mass of specimen (and of sinker, if used)
completely immersed and of the wire partially immersed
in liquid, and
w = apparent mass of totally immersed sinker (if used) and
of partially immersed wire.
13.2 Calculate the density of the plastic as follows:
D23C, kg/m3 5 sp gr 23/23°C 3 997.5
13.3 If the temperature of the water is different than 23°C,
use the density of water listed in Table 3 directly, or use the
following equations to calculate the density of water at testing
temperature:
M 5 ∆D/∆t (1)
D~conversion to 23°C! , kg/m3 (2)
5 sp gr ta/tw 3 @997.51~tw 2 23! 3 M#
and
sp gr 23/23 5 D ~conversion to 23°C!/997.5 (3)
where:
M = slope,
∆D = difference between the lowest and highest temperature
tolerance for the standard density of water (D @ 21°C
– D @ 25°C),
∆t = difference between the highest and lowest temperature
tolerance recommended, (21°C–25°C),
ta = temperature of air, and
tw = temperature of water.
14. Report
14.1 Report the following information:
14.1.1 Complete identification of the material or product
tested, including method of specimen preparation and
conditioning,
14.1.2 Average specific gravity (relative density) for all
specimens from a sampling unit corrected to 23.0°C (Table 3)
TABLE 1 Test Method A Specific Gravity Tested in Water
Material Mean SrA SRB rC RD
Polypropylene 0.9007 0.00196 0.00297 0.00555 0.00841
Cellulose Acetate Butyrate 1.1973 0.00232 0.00304 0.00657 0.00860
Polyphenylene Sulfide 1.1708 0.00540 0.00738 0.01528 0.02089
Thermoset 1.3136 0.00271 0.00313 0.00767 0.02171
Polyvinyl Chloride 1.3396 0.00243 0.00615 0.00688 0.01947
A Sr = within laboratory standard deviation for the individual material. It is obtained by pooling the within-laboratory standard deviations of the test results from all of the
participating laboratories:
Sr = [[(s1)2 + (s2)2 . . .+(sn )2]/n]1/2
B SR = between-laboratories reproducibility, expressed as standard deviation:SR = [Sr2 + SL2]1/2 whereS L is the standard deviation of laboratory means.
C r = within-laboratory critical interval between two test results = 2.8 × Sr.
D R = between-laboratories critical interval between two test results = 2.8 × SR.
D792 − 13
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are reported as sp gr 23/23°C = ___, or average density
reported as D23C = ___ kg/m3,
NOTE 14—Reporting density in g/cm3 is also acceptable provided that
it is agreed upon by the users.
14.1.3 A measure of the degree of variation of specific
gravity or density within the sampling unit such as the standard
deviation and number of determinations on a homogeneous
material or the averages plus these measures of dispersion on
different layers or areas of a nonhomogeneous product,
14.1.4 Report the temperature of the water.
14.1.5 Report the density and specific gravity with three
significant figures.
14.1.6 Any evidence of porosity of the material or
specimen,
14.1.7 The method of test (that is, Method A of Test Method
D792), and
14.1.8 Date of test.
15. Precision and Bias
15.1 See Section 23.
TEST METHOD B FOR TESTING SOLID PLASTICS
IN LIQUIDS OTHER THAN WATER (SPECIMENS 1
TO 50 g)
16. Scope
16.1 Test Method B uses a liquid other than water for testing
one-piece specimens, 1 to 50 g, of plastics that are affected by
water or are lighter than water.
17. Apparatus
17.1 The apparatus shall include the balance, wire, and
immersion vessel of Section 8, and, optionally, the following:
17.2 Pycnometer with Thermometer—A 25-mL specific
gravity bottle with thermometer, or
17.3 Pycnometer—A pycnometer of the Weld type, prefer-
ably with a capacity of about 25 mL and an external cap over
the stopper.
17.4 Thermometer—A thermometer having ten divisions per
degree Celsius over a temperature range of not less than 5°C or
10°F above and below the standard temperature, and having an
ice point for calibration. A thermometer short enough to be
handled inside the balance case will be found convenient.
ASTM Thermometer 23C (see Specification E1) and Anschütz-
type thermometers have been found satisfactory for this
purpose.
17.5 Constant-Temperature Bath—An appropriate constant-
temperature bath adjusted to maintain a temperature of
23 6 0.1°C.
18. Materials
18.1 Immersion Liquid—The liquid used shall not dissolve,
swell, or otherwise affect the specimen, but shall wet it and
shall have a specific gravity less than that of the specimen. In
addition, the immersion liquid shall be non-hygroscopic, has a
low vapor pressure, a low viscosity, and a high flash point, and
shall leave little or no waxy or tarry residue on evaporation. A
narrow cut distilled from kerosine meets these requirements for
many plastics. The specific gravity 23/23°C of the immersion
liquid shall be determined shortly before and after each use in
this method to a precision of at least 0.1 % relative, unless it
has been established experimentally in the particular applica-
tion that a lesser frequency of determination also provides the
desired precision.
NOTE 15—For the determination of the specific gravity of the liquid, the
use of a standard plummet of known volume or of Method A, C, or D of
Test Methods D891, using the modifications required to give specific
gravity 23/23°C instead of specific gravity 60/60°F, is recommended. One
suggested procedure is the following:
If a constant-temperature water bath is not available, deter-
mine the mass of the clean, dry pycnometer with thermometer
TABLE 2 Test Method B Specific Gravity Tested in Liquids Other Than Water
Material Mean SrA SRB rC RD
Polypropylene 0.9023 0.00139 0.00239 0.00393 0.00669
LDPE 0.9215 0.00109 0.00195 0.00308 0.00546
HDPE 0.9678 0.00126 0.00189 0.00356 0.00529
Thermoset 1.3130 0.00160 0.00217 0.00453 0.00608
A Sr = within laboratory standard deviation for the individual material. It is obtained by pooling the within-laboratory standard deviations of the test results from all of the
participating laboratories:
Sr = [[(s1)2 + (s2)2 . . .+ (sn)2]/n]1/2
B SR = between-laboratories reproducibility, expressed as standard deviation:SR = [Sr2 + SL2]1/2 whereS L is the standard deviation of laboratory means.
C r = within-laboratory critical interval between two test results = 2.8 × Sr.
D R = between-laboratories critical interval between two test results = 2.8 × SR.
TABLE 3 Standard Density of WaterA
°C ρ=/kg m–3
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
21 997.9948 9731 9513 9294 9073 8852 8630 8406 8182 7957
22 997.7730 7503 7275 7045 6815 6584 6351 6118 5883 5648
23 997.5412 5174 4936 4697 4456 4215 3973 3730 3485 3240
24 997.2994 2747 2499 2250 2000 1749 1497 1244 0990 0735
25 997.0480 0223 9965B 9707B 9447B 9186B 8925B 8663B 8399B 8135B
AObtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 78th edition, 1997-1998.
BThe leading figure decreases by 1.
D792 − 13
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to the nearest 0.1 mg on an analytical balance. Fill the
pycnometer with water (10.1) cooler than 23°C. Insert the
thermometer-stopper, causing excess water to be expelled
through the side arm. Permit the filled bottle to warm in air
until the thermometer reads 23.0°C. Remove the drop of water
at the tip of the side arm with a bit of filter paper, taking care
not to draw any liquid from within the capillary, place the cap
over the side arm, wipe the outside carefully, and determine the
mass of the filled bottle again to the nearest 0.2 mg. Empty the
pycnometer, dry, and fill with immersion liquid. Determine the
mass with the liquid in the same manner as was done with the
water. Calculate the specific gravity 23/23°C of the liquid, d, as
follows:
d 5 ~b 2 e!/~w 2 e!
where:
e = apparent mass of empty pycnometer,
w = apparent mass of pycnometer filled with water at
23.0°C, and
b = apparent mass of pycnometer filled with liquid at
23.0°C.
If a constant-temperature water bath is available, a pycnom-
eter without a thermometer may be used (compare 30.2).
NOTE 16—One standard object which has been found satisfactory for
this purpose is the Reimann Thermometer Plummet. These are normally
supplied calibrated for measurements at temperatures other than 23/23°C,
so that recalibration is not necessary for the purposes of these methods.
19. Test Specimen
19.1 See Section 11.
20. Procedure
20.1 The procedure shall be similar to Section 12, except for
the choice of immersion liquid, and the temperature during the
immersed weighing (12.3) shall be 23 6 0.5°C.
21. Calculation
21.1 The calculations shall be similar to Section 13, except
that d, the specific gravity 23/23°C of the liquid, shall be placed
in the numerator: (see 13.1)
Sp gr 23/23°C 5 ~a 3 d!/~a1w 2 b!
22. Report
22.1 See Section 14.
23. Precision and Bias
23.1 Tables 1 and 2 are based on an interlaboratory study4
conducted in 1985 in accordance with Practice E691, involving
5 materials tested with Test Method A by six laboratories or
four materials tested with Test Method B by six laboratories.
Each test result was based on two individual determinations
and each laboratory obtained four test results for each material.
(Warning—The explanations of r and R are only intended to
present a meaningful way of considering the approximate
precision of these test methods. The data of Tables 1 and 2
should not be applied to acceptance or rejection of materials, as
these data apply only to the materials tested in the round robin
and are unlikely to be rigorously representative of other lots,
formulations, conditions, materials, or laboratories. Users of
this test method should apply the principles outlined in Practice
E691 to generate data specific to the materials and laboratory
(or between specific laboratories). The principles of 23.2 –
23.2.3 would then be valid for such data.)
23.2 Concept of r and R in Tables 1 and 2—If Sr and SR
have been calculated from a large enough body of data, and for
test results that were averages from 4 test results for each
material, then:
23.2.1 Repeatability—Two test results obtained within one
laboratory shall be judged not equivalent if they differ by more
than the r value for that material. The concept r is the interval
representing the critical difference between two test results for
the same material, obtained by the same operator using the
same equipment on the same day in the same laboratory.
23.2.2 Reproducibility—Two test results obtained by differ-
ent laboratories shall be judged not equivalent if they differ by
more than the R value for that material. The concept R is the
interval representing the critical difference between two test
results for the same material, obtained by different operators
using different equipment in different laboratories.
23.2.3 Any judgment in accordance with 23.2.1 or 23.2.2
would have an approximate 95 % (0.95) probability of being
correct.
23.3 There are no recognized standards by which to esti-
mate bias of this test method.
24. Keywords
24.1 density; relative density; specific gravity
4 Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D20-1133.
D792 − 13
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SUMMARY OF CHANGES
Committee D20 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (D792 - 08)
that may impact the use of this standard. (November 1, 2013)
(1) Revised 7.1 and 7.2.
ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned
in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk
of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.
This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
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This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,
United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above
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(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/
COPYRIGHT/).
D792 − 13
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30
0-
19
2-
M
CR
5
M
12
-P
V
4-
30
0-
19
3-
M
CR
5
M
13
-P
V
5-
30
0-
19
1-
M
CR
5
M
5-
PV
2-
30
0-
19
2-
M
CR
5
M
6-
PV
2-
30
0-
19
3-
M
CR
5
M
7-
PV
3-
30
0-
19
1-
M
CR
5
16
.2
52
M
4-
PV
2-
30
0-
19
1-
M
CR
5
M
8-
PV
3-
30
0-
19
2-
M
CR
5
M
9-
PV
3-
30
0-
19
3-
M
CR
5
%
 d
e 
m
ad
er
a
[%
]
M
1-
PV
1-
30
0-
19
1-
M
CR
5
19
.2
45
M
2-
PV
1-
30
0-
19
2-
M
CR
5
M
3-
PV
1-
30
0-
19
3-
M
CR
5
65
5.
06
5
0.
26
5
1.
38
30
12
.7
9
9.
19
11
7.
61
50
18
4.
97
77
98
5
0.
42
2
95
.6
53
1.
57
3
96
.4
30
12
.7
5
9.
74
12
4.
20
50
21
7.
11
84
99
8
0.
48
6
10
4.
44
4
1.
74
8
M
ez
cl
a 
de
 P
EA
D
 c
on
 p
ar
tíc
ul
as
 d
e 
m
ad
er
a 
ca
pi
ro
na
 M
R
5 
co
m
o 
re
fu
er
zo
 a
 2
2 
m
in
ut
os
D
es
ig
na
ci
on
 d
e 
M
ue
st
ra
e
b
A
L
F M
ΔL
ΔF
σ M
σ M
D
es
v.
 E
st
.
C
.V
.
E
Em
D
es
v.
 E
st
.
C
.V
.
[ –
 ]
[m
m
]
[m
m
]
[m
m
2]
[m
m
]
[N
]
[m
m
]
[N
]
[N
/m
m
2]
[N
/m
m
2]
[%
]
[N
/m
m
2]
[N
/m
m
2]
[%
]
0
13
.1
9
6.
17
81
.3
8
50
15
82
.6
87
74
0.
59
5
69
9.
96
4
19
.4
48
72
2.
9
0
12
.9
0
5.
22
67
.3
0
50
12
90
.7
80
0.
91
8
79
9.
66
8
19
.1
81
0
13
.3
2
5.
88
78
.3
2
50
15
04
.4
03
2
0.
65
3
80
0.
16
1
19
.2
08
78
1.
8
0
12
.7
0
6.
28
79
.7
8
50
18
87
.5
93
0.
93
8
11
92
.1
97
79
6.
3
0
13
.3
7
6.
25
83
.5
6
50
15
70
.1
32
0.
95
2
90
0.
10
2
18
.7
90
0
12
.7
8
6.
12
78
.2
4
50
15
35
.3
51
0.
96
8
99
9.
37
3
65
9.
9
10
13
.4
4
5.
37
72
.2
2
50
12
53
.0
67
0.
28
4
55
0.
20
8
17
.3
51
10
12
.7
8
5.
79
73
.9
5
50
13
33
.9
53
0.
37
0
59
9.
79
7
18
.0
38
10
95
.8
10
13
.3
3
5.
70
76
.0
3
50
13
93
.9
22
0.
39
1
70
0.
10
7
18
.3
35
10
12
.8
7
5.
29
68
.0
8
50
12
54
.9
14
0.
41
6
60
0.
08
3
18
.4
32
10
60
.0
10
13
.2
3
5.
50
72
.7
2
50
12
76
.1
91
0.
44
7
69
9.
53
7
17
.5
49
10
76
.9
10
12
.8
0
5.
59
71
.5
3
50
12
67
.5
61
0.
39
7
60
0.
47
6
17
.7
21
10
57
.3
15
13
.3
1
5.
77
76
.7
5
50
10
68
.4
77
0.
33
0
50
0.
67
2
98
8.
1
15
12
.9
6
5.
93
76
.8
3
50
11
33
.9
09
0.
26
9
50
0.
15
2
14
.7
59
15
12
.9
9
5.
62
72
.9
4
50
99
5.
28
5
0.
19
0
40
0.
74
9
15
12
.8
0
5.
47
70
.0
0
50
99
8.
06
5
0.
36
1
43
9.
08
8
14
.2
59
86
9.
8
15
13
.2
0
5.
65
74
.6
4
50
10
70
.0
70
0.
48
7
58
0.
55
9
14
.3
36
79
8.
3
15
12
.8
4
5.
79
74
.4
1
50
10
75
.5
24
0.
26
0
45
0.
43
7
14
.4
55
20
13
.1
8
6.
03
79
.4
1
50
84
6.
16
8
0.
49
1
49
9.
72
3
10
.6
55
64
0.
3
20
12
.7
7
6.
28
80
.2
2
50
79
0.
18
5
0.
43
2
39
9.
81
4
9.
85
1
57
7.
4
20
12
.7
9
6.
00
76
.7
2
50
86
8.
80
2
0.
45
8
49
9.
79
0
20
12
.8
2
5.
92
75
.9
2
50
82
3.
96
6
0.
47
6
39
9.
42
8
55
2.
9
20
12
.9
2
6.
46
83
.4
8
50
79
6.
69
6
0.
37
4
40
0.
27
6
9.
54
3
20
12
.7
3
6.
46
82
.2
6
50
79
9.
82
3
0.
43
9
40
0.
05
3
9.
72
3
55
3.
5
25
12
.6
4
6.
89
87
.0
7
50
56
8.
41
5
0.
44
1
29
9.
70
2
6.
52
8
25
12
.7
9
7.
09
90
.6
1
50
55
2.
53
8
0.
49
9
29
8.
56
2
6.
09
8
32
9.
9
25
12
.7
2
7.
11
90
.4
6
50
55
6.
81
0
0.
47
5
29
9.
39
8
6.
15
5
34
8.
0
25
12
.7
3
6.
66
84
.7
2
50
49
9.
20
6
0.
38
5
20
0.
66
3
5.
89
3
30
7.
5
25
12
.9
6.
4
82
.5
6
50
66
5.
52
50
24
0.
51
3
30
0.
06
8
8.
06
1
25
12
.7
97
6.
97
7
89
.2
78
50
54
2.
87
2
0.
31
5
19
9.
14
4
6.
08
1
35
3.
9
30
12
.8
7
8.
45
10
8.
68
50
37
4.
96
5
0.
26
8
18
9.
92
9
3.
45
0
30
12
.9
4
8.
61
11
1.
34
50
34
1.
94
5
0.
67
8
14
8.
41
9
3.
07
1
30
12
.8
3
7.
92
10
1.
60
50
38
3.
16
5
0.
30
8
13
9.
18
7
3.
77
1
22
2.
2
30
12
.6
4
8.
06
10
1.
89
50
36
4.
45
8
0.
38
7
14
9.
58
1
3.
57
7
18
9.
9
30
12
.7
6
8.
90
11
3.
53
50
37
3.
44
5
0.
32
8
14
9.
11
2
3.
28
9
20
0.
2
30
12
.8
3
7.
87
10
0.
95
50
34
3.
03
8
0.
41
5
14
9.
43
9
3.
39
8
17
8.
4
M
ez
cl
a 
de
 P
EA
D
 c
on
 p
ar
tíc
ul
as
 d
e 
m
ad
er
a 
ca
pi
ro
na
 M
R
5 
co
m
o 
re
fu
er
zo
 a
 2
5 
m
in
ut
os
D
es
ig
na
ci
on
 d
e 
M
ue
st
ra
e
b
A
L
F M
ΔL
ΔF
σ M
σ M
D
es
v.
 E
st
.
C
.V
.
E
Em
D
es
v.
 E
st
.
C
.V
.
[ –
 ]
[m
m
]
[m
m
]
[m
m
2]
[m
m
]
[N
]
[m
m
]
[N
]
[N
/m
m
2]
[N
/m
m
2]
[%
]
[N
/m
m
2]
[N
/m
m
2]
[%
]
0
13
.3
9
6.
11
81
.7
9
50
16
39
.9
47
0.
39
8
71
9.
68
2
20
.0
50
11
04
.9
0
11
.2
7
5.
95
67
.0
8
50
13
69
.5
13
0.
79
6
79
9.
21
8
20
.4
17
0
13
.2
2
5.
61
74
.1
4
50
15
00
.6
33
0.
49
6
70
0.
32
0
20
.2
41
95
1.
8
0
12
.7
3
5.
89
74
.9
6
50
15
53
.3
69
0.
78
9
90
0.
13
6
0
13
.2
4
5.
72
75
.7
6
50
15
47
.5
51
0.
47
8
70
0.
27
9
20
.4
28
96
6.
3
0
12
.6
0
5.
67
71
.4
6
50
15
00
.3
85
0.
55
2
80
0.
45
0
10
14
.8
10
13
.4
6
5.
70
76
.6
8
50
13
89
.9
26
0.
63
1
80
0.
48
9
18
.1
27
18
.6
08
9.
41
0.
17
8
0.
88
69
.1
20
6.
85
62
.2
74
8.
41
17
.8
16
1.
66
95
.8
23
10
.8
2
41
.1
24
7.
08
20
.8
89
6.
24
33
4.
82
2
19
7.
65
0
10
09
.4
64
0.
27
2
1.
42
74
0.
21
5
10
72
.4
94
88
5.
39
9
%
 d
e 
m
ad
er
a
[%
]
M
40
-P
V
2-
30
0-
25
1-
M
CR
5
3.
42
6
20
.2
84
%
 d
e 
m
ad
er
a
[%
]
M
36
-P
V
6-
30
0-
22
3-
M
CR
5
M
37
-P
V
1-
30
0-
25
1-
M
CR
5
M
32
-P
V
5-
30
0-
22
2-
M
CR
5
M
33
-P
V
5-
30
0-
22
3-
M
CR
5
6.
46
9
M
38
-P
V
1-
30
0-
25
2-
M
CR
5
M
39
-P
V
1-
30
0-
25
3-
M
CR
5
0.
80
7
12
.4
8
M
35
-P
V
6-
30
0-
22
2-
M
CR
5
M
31
-P
V
5-
30
0-
22
1-
M
CR
5
M
29
-P
V
4-
30
0-
22
2-
M
CR
5
M
30
-P
V
4-
30
0-
22
3-
M
CR
5
58
1.
04
1
9.
94
3
M
28
-P
V
4-
30
0-
22
1-
M
CR
5
M
25
-P
V
3-
30
0-
22
1-
M
CR
5
17
.9
04
M
23
-P
V
2-
30
0-
22
2-
M
CR
5
M
34
-P
V
6-
30
0-
22
1-
M
CR
5
0.
24
0
7.
01
0.
49
1
4.
94
0.
22
0
1.
52
0.
43
5
2.
43
M
20
-P
V
1-
30
0-
22
2-
M
CR
5
M
21
-P
V
1-
30
0-
22
3-
M
CR
5
19
.1
57
M
26
-P
V
3-
30
0-
22
2-
M
CR
5
M
27
-P
V
3-
30
0-
22
3-
M
CR
5
14
.4
52
M
24
-P
V
2-
30
0-
22
3-
M
CR
5
M
22
-P
V
2-
30
0-
22
1-
M
CR
5
M
19
-P
V
1-
30
0-
22
1-
M
CR
5
M
18
-P
V
6-
30
0-
19
3-
M
CR
5
10
12
.6
8
5.
09
64
.5
4
50
12
26
.0
53
0.
41
8
59
9.
31
5
18
.9
96
11
10
.3
10
13
.2
3
5.
63
74
.4
2
50
12
25
.2
97
0.
40
2
59
9.
26
9
10
12
.6
5
5.
45
68
.9
2
50
11
75
.1
92
0.
36
3
59
9.
38
9
11
98
.9
10
13
.2
2
5.
24
69
.2
1
50
12
92
.5
42
0.
43
3
69
9.
28
0
18
.6
75
11
67
.1
10
12
.9
0
5.
71
73
.6
4
50
13
84
.2
74
0.
42
8
69
9.
71
9
18
.7
98
11
10
.6
15
13
.3
3
5.
64
75
.1
4
50
11
71
.4
13
0.
31
1
60
0.
43
4
15
.5
90
12
85
.1
15
12
.7
4
6.
10
77
.7
8
50
11
23
.6
32
0.
29
2
50
0.
27
2
14
.4
47
11
01
.1
15
13
.2
3
5.
27
69
.7
0
50
12
85
.3
96
0.
35
4
59
9.
95
2
18
.4
43
12
16
.5
15
12
.7
1
5.
21
66
.2
6
50
12
27
.3
52
0.
39
6
60
0.
14
2
18
.5
23
11
42
.5
15
13
.3
0
5.
43
72
.1
7
50
11
95
.9
89
0.
29
1
59
9.
67
7
16
.5
71
15
12
.7
8
5.
18
66
.1
8
50
11
18
.4
76
0.
27
9
49
8.
70
9
16
.9
00
20
12
.6
2
5.
63
71
.0
9
50
85
0.
40
7
0.
32
3
39
9.
92
0
11
.9
62
87
0.
1
20
12
.7
4
5.
59
71
.2
4
50
80
2.
18
5
0.
32
1
39
7.
08
1
11
.2
61
86
9.
0
20
13
.1
5
6.
29
82
.7
3
50
60
8.
21
6
0.
10
3
24
9.
90
4
7.
35
1
20
12
.7
2
6.
70
85
.2
5
50
68
5.
21
5
0.
26
1
30
0.
15
7
8.
03
8
67
4.
2
20
12
.7
1
7.
91
10
0.
58
50
49
7.
94
0
0.
35
3
25
0.
03
1
20
12
.8
3
7.
94
10
1.
85
50
49
3.
53
2
0.
44
3
24
6.
74
0
25
13
.3
4
6.
69
89
.2
0
50
67
5.
08
0
0.
36
9
27
9.
89
7
7.
56
8
42
5.
3
25
12
.7
8
6.
88
87
.8
8
50
65
1.
74
6
0.
30
9
29
9.
52
4
7.
41
6
55
1.
6
25
13
.2
6
5.
52
73
.2
2
50
10
37
.4
18
0.
24
8
50
0.
21
0
25
12
.7
4
5.
55
70
.7
3
50
98
6.
11
2
0.
22
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25
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4
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8.
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1
68
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1
30
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7
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41
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31
1
20
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58
3
4.
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6
30
12
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6
8.
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3.
50
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43
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31
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14
9.
93
8
4.
17
4
22
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30
12
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7.
70
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41
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59
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30
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7
7.
71
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3
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31
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4
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9
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55
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24
13
1.
3
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12
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7
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02
11
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14
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15
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2
14
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5
82
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30
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52
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43
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M
50
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V
5-
30
0-
25
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M
CR
5
M
49
-P
V
5-
30
0-
25
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M
CR
5
M
51
-P
V
5-
30
0-
25
3-
M
CR
5
M
53
-P
V
6-
30
0-
25
2-
M
CR
5
M
54
-P
V
6-
30
0-
25
3-
M
CR
5
4.
19
4
M
52
-P
V
6-
30
0-
25
1-
M
CR
5
20
8.
69
7
0.
05
5
1.
30
7.
95
6
80
4.
42
8
60
3.
90
5
0.
61
3
7.
71
9.
65
3
M
46
-P
V
4-
30
0-
25
1-
M
CR
5
M
47
-P
V
4-
30
0-
25
2-
M
CR
5
M
48
-P
V
4-
30
0-
25
3-
M
CR
5
M
44
-P
V
3-
30
0-
25
2-
M
CR
5
M
45
-P
V
3-
30
0-
25
3-
M
CR
5
16
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46
11
86
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17
M
43
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V
3-
30
0-
25
1-
M
CR
5
M
40
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V
2-
30
0-
25
1-
M
CR
5
M
41
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V
2-
30
0-
25
2-
M
CR
5
M
42
-P
V
2-
30
0-
25
3-
M
CR
5
II.
En
sa
yo
 d
e 
Fl
ex
ió
n
Sí
m
bo
lo
s
b
: a
nc
ho
 d
e 
la
 p
ro
be
ta
d
: e
sp
es
or
 d
e 
la
 p
ro
be
ta
L
: l
on
gi
tu
d 
en
tr
e 
ap
oy
os
Fm
áx
: f
ue
rz
a 
m
áx
im
a 
ob
te
ni
da
 d
ur
an
te
 e
l e
ns
ay
o
Rf
: e
sf
ue
rz
o 
de
 tr
ac
ci
ón
E
: m
ód
ul
o 
de
 e
la
st
ic
id
ad
∆F
: D
ife
re
nc
ia
 e
nt
re
 d
os
 p
un
to
s d
e 
la
 fu
er
za
 (z
on
a 
lin
ea
l) 
en
 la
 g
rá
fic
a 
ob
te
ni
da
 d
el
 e
ns
ay
o 
de
 fl
ex
io
n
∆y
: D
ife
re
nc
ia
 e
nt
re
 d
os
 p
un
to
s d
el
 a
la
rg
am
ie
nt
o 
en
 la
 g
rá
fic
a 
 d
el
 e
ns
ay
o 
de
 tr
ac
ci
ón
 c
or
re
sp
on
di
en
te
s a
 la
s f
ue
rz
as
 a
nt
er
io
re
s
De
sv
. E
st
.
: D
es
vi
ac
ió
n 
es
ta
nd
ar
C.
V.
: C
oe
fic
ie
nt
e 
va
ria
ci
on
al
M
ez
cl
a 
de
 P
EA
D 
co
n 
pa
rt
íc
ul
as
 d
e 
m
ad
er
a 
ca
pi
ro
na
 M
R5
 c
om
o 
re
fu
er
zo
 a
 1
9 
m
in
ut
os
Pr
ob
et
a
M
ue
st
ra
%
 m
ad
er
a
d 
(m
m
)
b 
(m
m
)
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(m
m
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Fm
áx
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Pa
)
Rf
 p
ro
m
 (M
Pa
)
De
sv
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st
.
C.
V.
E 
(M
Pa
)
E p
ro
m
 (M
Pa
)
De
sv
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st
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C.
V.
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1
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6
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10
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37
3
53
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8
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10
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84
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4
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83
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65
16
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06
49
3.
30
3
P2
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3
10
5.
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7
93
82
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00
17
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36
59
9.
07
1
P3
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1
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33
20
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9
10
0
70
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12
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23
41
4.
37
5
P3
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2
15
6.
9
20
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3
10
0
73
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66
11
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54
40
9.
10
1
P3
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3
15
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89
20
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2
10
0
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43
10
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38
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1
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4
20
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41
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84
6.
19
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23
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25
0
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1
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1
25
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96
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55
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33
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8.
62
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15
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2
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20
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12
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12
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49
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2
14
0
24
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15
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9
10
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46
5
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1
30
9.
77
19
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5
12
0
27
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14
2.
71
1
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2
30
9.
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20
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14
0
25
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11
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9
P6
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3
30
9.
57
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4
14
0
20
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37
54
76
8
2.
49
5
11
6.
43
4
M
ez
cl
a 
de
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EA
D 
co
n 
pa
rt
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ul
as
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e 
m
ad
er
a 
ca
pi
ro
na
 M
R5
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om
o 
re
fu
er
zo
 a
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2 
m
in
ut
os
Pr
ob
et
a
M
ue
st
ra
%
 m
ad
er
a
d 
(m
m
)
b 
(m
m
)
L 
(m
m
)
Fm
áx
 (N
)
Rf
 (M
Pa
)
Rf
 p
ro
m
 (M
Pa
)
De
sv
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st
.
C.
V.
E 
(M
Pa
)
E p
ro
m
 (M
Pa
)
De
sv
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st
.
C.
V.
P2
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2-
2
10
5.
75
20
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2
93
88
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45
18
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77
57
5.
76
6
P2
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3
10
5.
94
20
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9
93
90
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61
17
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36
58
7.
06
5
P3
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1
15
6.
38
20
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3
10
0
80
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95
14
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36
P3
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2
15
6.
13
20
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7
10
0
89
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42
17
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99
60
3.
22
0
P3
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3
15
5.
98
20
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4
10
0
84
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89
17
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27
69
5.
82
9
P4
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1
20
6.
45
19
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7
11
0
66
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27
13
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79
58
6.
38
5
P4
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2
20
6.
25
20
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0
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14
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43
P4
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20
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0
61
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11
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85
50
3.
36
4
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25
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92
20
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8
12
0
47
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41
8.
80
5
39
7.
70
5
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2
25
7.
45
20
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6
12
0
58
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9.
29
1
38
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04
7
P5
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3
25
7.
44
19
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3
12
0
59
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59
9.
83
3
P5
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3
25
8.
01
20
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4
12
0
60
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46
32
2.
46
7
P6
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1
30
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3
20
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5
14
0
29
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62
4.
45
0
18
5.
86
9
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30
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19
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12
0
40
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08
5.
26
9
26
1.
41
6
P6
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30
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20
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9
14
0
38
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38
5.
90
3
28
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12
3
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30
8.
73
20
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4
14
0
28
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33
3.
87
1
18
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56
M
CP
EA
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P6
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07
0-
30
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22
9.
31
0
4.
87
3
36
7.
73
97
38
4
M
CP
EA
D-
P5
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57
5-
30
0-
22
M
CP
EA
D-
P3
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58
5-
30
0-
22
M
CP
EA
D-
P4
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08
0-
30
0-
22
16
.5
21
13
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36
M
CP
EA
D-
P2
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09
0-
30
0-
22
M
CP
EA
D-
P4
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08
0-
30
0-
19
6.
20
9
23
4.
57
99
M
CP
EA
D-
P5
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57
5-
30
0-
19
4.
70
8
15
0.
15
17
M
CP
EA
D-
P6
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07
0-
30
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19
2.
68
4
11
2.
37
93
0.
13
2
4.
92
8
3.
29
2
1.
55
0
9.
38
0
1.
18
6
M
CP
EA
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30
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19
16
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54
2.
71
74
0.
23
3
1.
37
1
M
CP
EA
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58
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30
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19
11
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40
1.
95
35
64
9.
52
48
77
3
54
4.
87
46
65
3
58
1.
41
53
33
6
0.
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4
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52
4.
26
7
10
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57
24
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96
1.
10
8
0.
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5
1.
23
0
9.
48
4
7.
16
0
26
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26
65
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84
10
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82
58
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05
39
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86
10
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46
51
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34
21
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32
7.
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0
1.
37
4
10
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74
53
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24
9.
80
7
5.
23
8
4.
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1
14
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65
21
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70
0.
51
4
24
4.
13
60
04
9.
02
6
5.
52
2
0.
89
4
18
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55
M
ez
cl
a 
de
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EA
D 
co
n 
pa
rt
íc
ul
as
 d
e 
m
ad
er
a 
ca
pi
ro
na
 M
R5
 c
om
o 
re
fu
er
zo
 a
 2
5 
m
in
ut
os
Pr
ob
et
a
M
ue
st
ra
%
 m
ad
er
a
d 
(m
m
)
b 
(m
m
)
L 
(m
m
)
Fm
áx
 (N
)
Rf
 (M
Pa
)
Rf
 p
ro
m
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Pa
)
De
sv
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st
.
C.
V.
E 
(M
Pa
)
E p
ro
m
 (M
Pa
)
De
sv
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st
.
C.
V.
P2
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5-
1
10
5.
55
20
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4
93
97
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07
21
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28
76
5.
59
7
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2
10
6.
07
20
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6
93
10
8.
66
8
20
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08
71
8.
70
1
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10
5.
73
20
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4
93
10
1.
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0
21
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97
74
2.
31
4
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15
5.
91
20
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7
10
0
87
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06
18
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49
71
7.
22
4
P3
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15
5.
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20
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9
10
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5
21
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42
76
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20
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7.
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25
19
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5
12
0
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20
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11
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82
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51
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95
20
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53
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56
9.
96
6
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9
14
0
35
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39
5.
63
0
29
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84
4
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2
30
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79
20
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14
0
30
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92
5.
27
5
30
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1
P6
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3
30
9.
51
18
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4
12
0
37
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14
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07
0
P6
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3
30
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45
20
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3
14
0
30
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77
3.
55
4
M
CP
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D-
P5
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57
5-
30
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25
10
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17
47
9.
99
66
09
3
M
CP
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P6
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30
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25
4.
63
2
29
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46
24
31
8
M
CP
EA
D-
P3
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58
5-
30
0-
25
20
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34
75
9.
12
23
10
4
M
CP
EA
D-
P4
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08
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30
0-
25
13
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72
59
6.
70
47
88
7
M
CP
EA
D-
P2
-1
09
0-
30
0-
25
21
.1
78
74
2.
20
39
60
4
1.
50
5
7.
47
3
23
.4
48
3.
15
9
40
.3
71
5.
31
8
0.
76
2
3.
59
9
2.
28
9
0.
76
5
2.
53
0
18
.9
17
1.
75
8
16
.5
59
0.
98
1
21
.1
77
11
1.
87
0
18
.7
48
78
.5
57
16
.3
66
III
.
En
sa
yo
 d
e 
im
pa
ct
o
Sí
m
bo
lo
s
b
: a
nc
ho
 d
e 
la
 p
ro
be
ta
 lu
eg
o 
de
l e
nt
al
le
d
: e
sp
es
or
 d
e 
la
 p
ro
be
ta
A
: á
re
a 
re
sis
te
nt
e 
al
 im
pa
ct
o
Ri
: e
sf
ue
rz
o 
de
 tr
ac
ci
ón
Ea
: e
ne
rg
ia
 a
bs
or
vi
da
 e
n 
jo
ul
es
De
sv
. E
st
.:
 D
es
vi
ac
io
n 
es
ta
nd
ar
C.
V.
: C
oe
fic
ie
nt
e 
va
ria
ci
on
al
M
ez
cl
a 
de
 P
EA
D 
co
n 
pa
rt
íc
ul
as
 d
e 
m
ad
er
a 
ca
pi
ro
na
 M
R5
 c
om
o 
re
fu
er
zo
 a
 1
9 
m
in
ut
os
Pr
ob
et
a
M
ue
st
ra
%
 m
ad
er
a
b'
(m
m
)
d 
(m
m
)
Ea
 (J
)
A'
(m
2)
Ri
'
Ri
 p
ro
m
'
De
sv
. E
st
.
C.
V.
P1
-1
9-
1
0
9.
24
5
5.
98
0.
28
73
94
74
0.
55
28
59
31
0.
51
98
P1
-1
9-
2
0
9.
64
5
6.
16
0.
31
03
47
4
0.
59
41
40
56
0.
52
23
P1
-1
9-
2
0
9.
57
0
6.
28
0.
17
52
20
6
0.
60
09
96
P1
-1
9-
3
0
9.
25
0
6.
5
0.
07
32
32
86
0.
60
12
5
P1
-1
9-
3
0
9.
66
5
6.
28
0.
30
40
30
91
0.
60
69
70
72
0.
50
09
P2
-1
9-
1
10
9.
60
5
5.
27
0.
25
11
38
67
0.
50
61
90
82
0.
49
61
P2
-1
9-
2
10
9.
53
5
5.
83
0.
23
34
88
02
0.
55
58
98
6
0.
42
00
P2
-1
9-
3
10
9.
76
5
5.
21
0.
22
52
78
81
0.
50
87
63
74
0.
44
28
P3
-1
9-
1
15
9.
53
5
6.
08
0.
18
69
05
59
0.
57
97
36
44
0.
32
24
P3
-1
9-
2
15
9.
44
0
5.
9
0.
05
45
10
74
0.
55
69
6
P3
-1
9-
2
15
9.
40
0
6.
29
0.
14
01
13
37
0.
59
12
6
0.
23
70
P3
-1
9-
2
15
9.
48
5
6.
26
0.
13
60
58
25
0.
59
37
69
69
0.
22
91
P3
-1
9-
3
15
9.
43
5
6.
2
0.
21
09
08
74
0.
58
49
78
61
P4
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9-
1
20
9.
68
5
6.
96
0.
16
38
77
21
0.
67
40
85
67
P4
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9-
2
20
10
.0
25
7.
52
0.
12
62
92
52
0.
75
38
90
44
0.
16
75
P4
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9-
2
20
9.
73
0
7.
24
0.
04
16
94
56
0.
70
44
52
P4
-1
9-
3
20
9.
93
0
7.
54
0.
08
12
36
88
0.
74
87
22
0.
10
85
P4
-1
9-
3
20
9.
54
5
7.
23
0.
07
92
04
65
0.
69
01
13
54
0.
11
48
P5
-1
9-
1
25
9.
42
5
8.
6
0.
05
52
64
26
0.
81
05
61
94
0.
06
82
P5
-1
9-
1
25
9.
64
0
8.
41
0.
04
81
17
81
0.
81
07
24
0.
05
94
P5
-1
9-
2
25
9.
61
0
8.
73
0.
03
12
59
0.
83
89
53
P5
-1
9-
2
25
9.
43
5
7.
81
0.
04
98
66
33
0.
73
68
84
35
0.
06
77
P5
-1
9-
3
25
9.
38
5
8.
05
0.
09
26
58
09
0.
75
55
03
68
P6
-1
9-
1
30
9.
50
5
9.
34
0.
05
52
77
46
0.
88
77
79
97
0.
06
23
P6
-1
9-
2
30
9.
78
5
9.
6
0.
06
98
77
66
0.
93
93
73
33
0.
07
44
P6
-1
9-
3
30
9.
57
5
8.
46
0.
04
54
89
42
0.
81
00
56
75
0.
05
62
0.
06
43
0.
51
44
0.
45
30
0.
26
28
0.
13
03
0.
06
51
M
CP
EA
D-
P1
-0
01
00
-3
00
-1
9
M
CP
EA
D-
P2
-1
09
0-
30
0-
19
M
CP
EA
D-
P3
-1
58
5-
30
0-
19
M
CP
EA
D-
P4
-2
08
0-
30
0-
19
M
CP
EA
D-
P5
-2
57
5-
30
0-
19
M
CP
EA
D-
P6
-3
07
0-
30
0-
19
0.
00
93
14
.4
38
7
0.
01
17
2.
27
95
0.
03
91
0.
05
17
0.
03
24
0.
00
50
8.
62
43
19
.6
80
6
24
.8
85
9
7.
61
81
M
ez
cl
a 
de
 P
EA
D 
co
n 
pa
rt
íc
ul
as
 d
e 
m
ad
er
a 
ca
pi
ro
na
 M
R5
 c
om
o 
re
fu
er
zo
 a
 2
2 
m
in
ut
os
Pr
ob
et
a
M
ue
st
ra
%
 m
ad
er
a
b'
d 
(m
m
)
Ea
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)
A'
Ri
'
Ri
pr
om
'
De
sv
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st
.
C.
V.
P1
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1
0
9.
57
66
66
67
6.
3
0.
24
27
35
97
0.
60
33
3
0.
40
23
P1
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2-
1
0
9.
26
6.
49
0.
07
75
97
05
0.
60
09
74
P1
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2-
2
0
9.
45
66
66
67
5.
81
0.
29
56
91
89
0.
54
94
32
33
0.
53
82
P1
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2-
3
0
9.
28
6.
07
0.
13
48
09
72
0.
56
32
96
P1
-2
2-
3
0
9.
34
66
66
67
5.
83
0.
34
66
71
76
0.
54
49
10
67
0.
63
62
P2
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1
10
9.
47
66
66
67
5.
44
0.
27
65
32
87
0.
51
55
30
67
0.
53
64
P2
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1
10
9.
3
5.
55
0.
06
92
58
02
0.
51
61
5
P2
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1
10
9.
29
5.
53
0.
18
31
48
85
0.
51
37
37
P2
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2
10
9.
44
66
66
67
5.
52
0.
28
02
06
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14
56
0.
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37
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5.
54
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51
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32
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78
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11
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27
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09
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3
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29
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31
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38
55
0.
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71
P4
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1
20
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34
66
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6.
23
0.
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32
12
91
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58
22
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20
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20
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6.
03
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0.
55
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62
0.
26
80
P4
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37
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6.
06
0.
18
90
76
55
0.
56
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26
P5
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1
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9.
22
66
66
67
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9
0.
05
78
39
46
0.
63
66
4
0.
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P5
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7.
45
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P5
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25
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49
P5
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18
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31
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31
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22
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83
P5
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7.
02
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0.
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02
P6
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1
30
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34
66
66
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8
0.
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60
41
51
0.
74
77
33
33
0.
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P6
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1
30
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51
7.
73
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30
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7.
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66
0.
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72
0.
72
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0.
03
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P6
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3
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9.
42
66
66
67
8.
43
0.
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11
56
14
0.
79
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68
0.
07
70
M
ez
cl
a 
de
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EA
D 
co
n 
pa
rt
íc
ul
as
 d
e 
m
ad
er
a 
ca
pi
ro
na
 M
R5
 c
om
o 
re
fu
er
zo
 a
 2
5m
in
ut
os
Pr
ob
et
a
M
ue
st
ra
%
 m
ad
er
a
b'
d 
(m
m
)
Ea
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)
A'
Ri
'
Ri
pr
om
'
De
sv
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st
.
C.
V.
P1
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5-
1
0
9.
63
60
13
07
6.
05
0.
27
34
07
21
0.
58
29
78
79
0.
46
90
P1
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5-
1
0
9.
41
6.
01
0.
15
95
42
41
0.
56
55
41
P1
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5-
2
0
9.
39
60
13
07
5.
73
0.
26
77
45
45
0.
53
83
91
55
0.
49
73
M
CP
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P1
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01
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5
0.
52
55
67
79
4
0.
54
96
13
83
3
0.
39
14
95
47
7
0.
25
69
70
04
4
0.
09
90
27
64
7
0.
07
27
89
28
3
M
CP
EA
D-
P5
-2
57
5-
30
0-
22
M
CP
EA
D-
P6
-3
07
0-
30
0-
22
M
CP
EA
D-
P1
-0
01
00
-3
00
-2
2
M
CP
EA
D-
P2
-1
09
0-
30
0-
22
M
CP
EA
D-
P3
-1
58
5-
30
0-
22
M
CP
EA
D-
P4
-2
08
0-
30
0-
22
0.
11
74
44
88
2
22
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46
28
58
8
0.
02
20
62
15
4
4.
01
41
19
09
2
0.
05
11
30
83
9
13
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39
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5
0.
01
67
72
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1
16
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37
62
41
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4
45
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48
91
82
4
0.
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6
6.
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8
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2
0
9.
65
60
13
07
5.
31
0.
24
77
96
62
0.
51
27
34
29
0.
48
33
P1
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3
0
9.
54
60
13
07
5.
43
0.
23
33
91
48
0.
51
83
48
51
P2
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1
10
9.
71
60
13
07
5.
41
0.
27
17
81
9
0.
52
56
36
31
0.
51
71
P2
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2
10
9.
30
60
13
07
5.
22
0.
31
02
0.
48
57
73
88
0.
63
86
P2
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3
10
9.
45
60
13
07
5.
21
0.
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00
19
25
0.
49
26
58
28
0.
54
81
P3
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1
15
9.
50
60
13
07
5.
55
0.
20
75
95
41
0.
52
75
83
73
0.
39
35
P3
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2
15
9.
48
60
13
07
5.
79
0.
29
66
09
28
0.
54
92
40
16
P3
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2
15
9.
7
5.
8
0.
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17
04
37
0.
56
26
0.
37
63
P3
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3
15
9.
95
5.
61
0.
24
27
01
72
0.
55
81
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0.
43
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P3
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3
15
9.
46
60
13
07
5.
62
0.
23
89
64
41
0.
53
19
89
93
P4
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1
20
9.
35
60
13
07
5.
71
0.
19
46
60
76
0.
53
42
28
35
0.
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P4
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1
20
9.
29
5.
55
0.
06
51
68
74
0.
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55
95
0.
12
64
P4
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2
20
9.
45
6.
45
0.
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41
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54
0.
60
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25
P4
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2
20
9.
42
60
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07
6.
56
0.
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20
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46
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13
07
7.
39
0.
07
25
71
23
0.
69
95
38
37
P5
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5-
1
25
9.
50
60
13
07
6.
68
0.
18
02
17
8
0.
63
50
01
67
0.
28
38
P5
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5-
2
25
9.
34
60
13
07
5.
16
0.
22
12
59
72
0.
48
22
54
27
P5
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3
25
9.
47
6.
47
0.
06
30
72
33
0.
61
27
09
0.
10
29
P5
-2
5-
3
25
9.
37
6.
54
0.
06
40
00
41
0.
61
27
98
0.
10
44
P5
-2
5-
3
25
9.
48
60
13
07
6.
53
0.
22
93
95
34
0.
61
94
36
65
P6
-2
5-
1
30
9.
79
60
13
07
7.
31
0.
11
24
06
91
0.
71
60
88
56
0.
15
70
P6
-2
5-
1
30
9.
32
7.
99
0.
02
60
95
6
0.
74
46
68
P6
-2
5-
2
30
9.
7
7.
63
0.
04
37
42
38
0.
74
01
1
P6
-2
5-
2
30
9.
64
60
13
07
7.
77
0.
09
50
92
74
0.
74
94
95
22
0.
12
69
M
CP
EA
D-
P4
-2
08
0-
30
0-
25
M
CP
EA
D-
P5
-2
57
5-
30
0-
25
M
CP
EA
D-
P6
-3
07
0-
30
0-
25
M
CP
EA
D-
P3
-1
58
5-
30
0-
25
M
CP
EA
D-
P2
-1
09
0-
30
0-
25
0.
14
19
24
59
9
0.
48
31
91
32
5
0.
56
79
24
37
3
0.
40
15
25
71
5
0.
24
41
16
76
3
0.
16
37
28
85
2
0.
02
12
82
33
3
14
.9
95
52
12
6
0.
01
41
61
77
2.
93
08
82
40
4
0.
03
00
68
25
7.
48
84
99
21
4
0.
11
90
11
43
3
48
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51
84
80
6
0.
10
39
93
26
1
63
.5
15
53
78
5
0.
06
3
11
.1
23
IV
.
En
sa
yo
 d
e 
de
ns
id
ad
M
ez
cl
a 
de
 P
EA
D 
co
n 
pa
rt
íc
ul
as
 d
e 
m
ad
er
a 
ca
pi
ro
na
 M
R5
 c
om
o 
re
fu
er
zo
 a
 1
9 
m
in
ut
os
M
ue
st
ra
có
di
go
%
 m
ad
er
a
W
se
co
(g
)
W
la
st
re
(g
)
W
su
m
er
gi
do
(g
)
de
ns
id
ad
de
ns
id
ad
 p
ro
m
ed
io
D
es
vi
ac
io
n 
es
ta
nd
ar
C
V 
(%
)
P1
-1
9-
1-
A
0
3.
26
37
14
.5
56
3
14
.1
22
8
0.
88
10
P1
-1
9-
1-
B
0
3.
16
92
14
.5
56
3
14
.2
64
4
0.
91
38
P1
-1
9-
2-
A
0
3.
38
23
14
.5
56
3
14
.2
03
0.
90
36
P1
-1
9-
2-
B
0
3.
66
41
14
.5
56
3
14
.2
38
0.
91
82
P1
-1
9-
3-
A
0
3.
39
89
14
.5
56
3
14
.2
83
2
0.
92
38
P1
-1
9-
3-
B
0
3.
32
43
14
.5
56
3
14
.2
69
6
0.
91
88
P2
-1
9-
1-
A
10
3.
01
83
14
.5
56
3
14
.3
24
4
0.
92
68
P2
-1
9-
1-
B
10
3.
09
79
14
.5
56
3
14
.3
31
5
0.
93
05
P2
-1
9-
2-
A
10
3.
25
53
14
.5
56
3
14
.2
08
7
0.
90
17
P2
-1
9-
2-
B
10
3.
06
45
14
.5
56
3
14
.3
20
8
0.
92
68
P2
-1
9-
3-
A
10
2.
94
79
14
.5
56
3
14
.2
83
3
0.
91
34
P2
-1
9-
3-
B
10
2.
89
42
14
.5
56
3
14
.3
56
8
0.
93
36
P3
-1
9-
1-
A
15
3.
08
13
14
.5
56
3
13
.9
84
2
0.
84
17
P3
-1
9-
1-
B
15
3.
04
21
14
.5
56
3
13
.9
72
7
0.
83
74
P3
-1
9-
2-
A
15
3.
21
83
14
.5
56
3
13
.9
26
7
0.
83
47
P3
-1
9-
2-
B
15
3.
22
75
14
.5
56
3
13
.8
82
3
0.
82
56
P3
-1
9-
3-
A
15
3.
10
74
14
.5
56
3
13
.9
37
2
0.
83
22
P3
-1
9-
3-
B
15
3.
97
97
14
.5
56
3
13
.9
68
8
0.
86
96
P4
-1
9-
1-
A
20
3.
07
83
14
.5
56
3
13
.4
15
3
0.
72
81
P4
-1
9-
1-
B
20
2.
94
14
14
.5
56
3
13
.4
32
5
0.
72
21
P4
-1
9-
2-
A
20
3.
36
67
14
.5
56
3
13
.2
44
0.
71
81
P4
-1
9-
2-
B
20
3.
69
3
14
.5
56
3
13
.2
91
3
0.
74
34
P4
-1
9-
3-
A
20
3.
24
04
14
.5
56
3
13
.3
80
2
0.
73
22
P4
-1
9-
3-
B
20
3.
41
92
14
.5
56
3
13
.2
82
6
0.
72
71
P5
-1
9-
1-
A
25
3.
06
08
14
.5
56
3
12
.7
66
7
0.
62
98
P5
-1
9-
1-
B
25
3.
28
01
14
.5
56
3
12
.6
74
0.
63
41
P5
-1
9-
2-
A
25
2.
93
62
14
.5
56
3
12
.7
99
4
0.
62
44
P5
-1
9-
2-
B
25
2.
81
45
14
.5
56
3
12
.8
05
5
0.
61
53
P5
-1
9-
3-
A
25
2.
85
7
14
.5
56
3
12
.7
30
6
0.
60
89
P5
-1
9-
3-
B
25
3.
05
37
14
.5
56
3
12
.5
98
4
0.
60
81
P6
-1
9-
1-
A
30
2.
99
59
14
.5
56
3
12
.3
02
8
0.
56
96
P6
-1
9-
1-
B
30
3.
03
1
14
.5
56
3
12
.0
74
4
0.
54
87
P6
-1
9-
2-
A
30
2.
99
91
14
.5
56
3
12
.0
53
3
0.
54
40
P6
-1
9-
2-
B
30
3.
22
84
14
.5
56
3
11
.9
48
8
0.
55
21
P6
-1
9-
3-
A
30
2.
52
71
14
.5
56
3
12
.2
10
7
0.
51
76
P6
-1
9-
3-
B
30
2.
62
85
14
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56
3
12
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79
0.
52
40
0.
54
27
M
C
PE
AD
-P
1-
00
10
0-
30
0-
19
M
C
PE
AD
-P
2-
10
90
-3
00
-1
9
M
C
PE
AD
-P
3-
15
85
-3
00
-1
9
M
C
PE
AD
-P
4-
20
80
-3
00
-1
9
M
C
PE
AD
-P
5-
25
75
-3
00
-1
9
M
C
PE
AD
-P
6-
30
70
-3
00
-1
9
0.
90
99
0.
92
21
0.
84
02
0.
72
85
0.
62
01
0.
01
57
1.
72
50
0.
01
22
1.
31
79
0.
01
54
1.
83
13
0.
00
88
1.
20
62
0.
01
10
1.
76
82
0.
01
91
3.
52
23
M
ez
cl
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de
 P
EA
D 
co
n 
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rt
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ul
as
 d
e 
m
ad
er
a 
ca
pi
ro
na
 M
R5
 c
om
o 
re
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 2
2 
m
in
ut
os
M
ue
st
ra
có
di
go
%
 m
ad
er
a
W
se
co
(g
)
W
la
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re
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W
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m
er
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)
de
ns
id
ad
de
ns
id
ad
 p
ro
m
ed
io
D
es
vi
ac
io
n 
es
ta
nd
ar
C
V
P1
-2
2-
1-
A
0
3.
29
76
14
.5
56
3
14
.2
01
0.
90
09
P1
-2
2-
1-
B
0
3.
66
98
14
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56
3
14
.2
21
4
0.
91
45
P1
-2
2-
2-
A
0
3.
22
73
14
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56
3
14
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31
0.
90
66
P1
-2
2-
2-
B
0
3.
25
25
14
.5
56
3
14
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32
0.
90
75
P1
-2
2-
3-
A
0
3.
23
62
14
.5
56
3
14
.2
37
5
0.
90
85
P1
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2-
3-
B
0
3.
21
49
14
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56
3
14
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34
0.
90
71
P2
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2-
1-
A
10
3.
01
35
14
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56
3
14
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32
6
0.
92
90
P2
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1-
B
10
2.
95
77
14
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56
3
14
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70
4
0.
93
90
P2
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2-
2-
A
10
3.
14
67
14
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56
3
14
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63
3
0.
94
03
P2
-2
2-
2-
B
10
3.
27
81
14
.5
56
3
14
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89
6
0.
92
29
P2
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3-
A
10
3.
25
06
14
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56
3
14
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64
5
0.
94
24
P2
-2
2-
3-
B
10
2.
96
01
14
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56
3
14
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19
8
0.
95
40
P3
-2
2-
1-
A
15
3.
15
14
14
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56
3
14
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90
7
0.
89
43
P3
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2-
1-
B
15
3.
14
28
14
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56
3
14
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95
6
0.
89
53
P3
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2-
2-
A
15
3.
41
01
14
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56
3
14
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21
2
0.
90
87
P3
-2
2-
2-
B
15
3.
46
24
14
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56
3
14
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52
4
0.
91
75
P3
-2
2-
3-
A
15
3.
21
97
14
.5
56
3
14
.2
95
3
0.
92
32
P3
-2
2-
3-
B
15
3.
17
82
14
.5
56
3
14
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32
7
0.
90
58
P4
-2
2-
1-
A
20
3.
26
49
14
.5
56
3
13
.9
52
8
0.
84
23
P4
-2
2-
1-
B
20
3.
14
8
14
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56
3
13
.9
96
3
0.
84
73
P4
-2
2-
2-
A
20
3.
18
37
14
.5
56
3
14
.1
18
9
0.
87
74
P4
-2
2-
2-
B
20
3.
40
18
14
.5
56
3
14
.0
93
7
0.
87
85
P4
-2
2-
3-
A
20
3.
03
37
14
.5
56
3
13
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25
0.
82
61
P4
-2
2-
3-
B
20
3.
08
74
14
.5
56
3
13
.9
18
3
0.
82
71
P5
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2-
1-
A
25
3.
02
59
14
.5
56
3
13
.4
51
4
0.
73
11
P5
-2
2-
1-
B
25
2.
90
59
14
.5
56
3
13
.5
29
1
0.
73
74
P5
-2
2-
2-
A
25
3.
39
58
14
.5
56
3
13
.4
71
2
0.
75
63
P5
-2
2-
2-
B
25
3.
66
77
14
.5
56
3
13
.3
60
5
0.
75
26
P5
-2
2-
3-
A
25
2.
95
47
14
.5
56
3
13
.4
97
8
0.
73
48
P5
-2
2-
3-
B
25
3.
15
81
14
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56
3
13
.4
11
4
0.
73
25
P6
-2
2-
1-
A
30
3.
03
76
14
.5
56
3
12
.7
39
7
0.
62
45
P6
-2
2-
1-
B
30
2.
94
48
14
.5
56
3
12
.8
43
8
0.
63
10
P6
-2
2-
2-
A
30
2.
82
26
14
.5
56
3
12
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04
3
0.
62
95
P6
-2
2-
2-
B
30
3.
07
7
14
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56
3
12
.8
39
4
0.
64
06
P6
-2
2-
3-
A
30
3.
98
68
14
.5
56
3
12
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26
0.
69
60
P6
-2
2-
3-
B
30
3.
01
89
14
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56
3
12
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77
2
0.
64
13
0.
64
38
M
C
PE
AD
-P
1-
00
10
0-
30
0-
22
M
C
PE
AD
-P
2-
10
90
-3
00
-2
2
M
C
PE
AD
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3-
15
85
-3
00
-2
2
M
C
PE
AD
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4-
20
80
-3
00
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2
M
C
PE
AD
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5-
25
75
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00
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2
M
C
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AD
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6-
30
70
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00
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2
0.
90
75
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93
79
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90
74
0.
84
98
0.
74
08
0.
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44
0.
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96
0.
01
09
1.
15
80
0.
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16
1.
28
01
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02
34
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99
0.
01
09
1.
47
05
0.
02
64
4.
09
45
M
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e 
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ca
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ro
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om
o 
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ut
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M
ue
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ra
có
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%
 m
ad
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a
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co
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)
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ro
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es
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io
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ar
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V
P1
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5-
1-
A
0
3.
31
64
14
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56
3
14
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15
7
0.
93
05
P1
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5-
1-
B
0
3.
60
61
14
.5
56
3
14
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22
6
0.
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73
P1
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5-
2-
A
0
2.
95
97
14
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56
3
14
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03
6
0.
91
95
P1
-2
5-
2-
B
0
3.
16
69
14
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56
3
14
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65
6
0.
94
13
P1
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3-
A
0
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93
05
14
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56
3
14
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51
0.
93
27
P1
-2
5-
3-
B
0
3.
20
92
14
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56
3
14
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45
8
0.
93
66
P2
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5-
1-
A
10
3.
19
37
14
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56
3
14
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92
9
0.
94
94
P2
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5-
1-
B
10
3.
19
05
14
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56
3
14
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10
5
0.
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44
P2
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5-
2-
A
10
3.
08
76
14
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56
3
14
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39
6
0.
96
17
P2
-2
5-
2-
B
10
3.
04
8
14
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56
3
14
.4
18
5
0.
95
48
P2
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5-
3-
A
10
2.
82
79
14
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56
3
14
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39
2
0.
95
83
P2
-2
5-
3-
B
10
3.
03
7
14
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56
3
14
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07
4
0.
95
14
P3
-2
5-
1-
A
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V.
En
sa
yo
 d
e 
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gu
a
M
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cl
a 
de
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n 
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as
 d
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R5
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 1
9 
m
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có
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%
 m
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co
(g
)
W
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hu
m
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Pr
om
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D
es
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es
ta
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C
V
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2
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65
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8
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7
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54
9
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5
M
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 M
R5
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re
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2 
m
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có
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Pr
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9
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28
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6
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8
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5
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15
9
P4
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4
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9
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1
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20
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90
7
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12
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21
P5
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25
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14
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25
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8
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47
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3
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3.
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7
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54
5
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42
44
M
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ro
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 M
R5
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om
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 m
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Pr
om
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C
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12
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43
34
8
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3.
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2.
95
36
P1
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3.
16
6
P1
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0.
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53
09
67
4
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0.
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08
73
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8
P2
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43
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19
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5
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5
Microthene MP672962
Technical Data Sheet
Regulatory Status
For regulatory compliance information, see Microthene MP672962 Product Stewardship Bulletin (PSB) and 
Safety Data Sheet (SDS).
Status  Commercial: Active
Availability  North America
Application  Tanks, Industrial
Market Rigid Packaging
Processing Method Rotomolding
Notes
Tensile properties were run with a crosshead speed of 2 inches/min or 50 mm/min.
Igepal® is a registered trademark of Rhodia.
High Density Polyethylene
Typical Properties
Nominal 
Value
English
Units
Nominal
Value
SI
Units Test Method
Physical
Melt Flow Rate, (190 °C/2.16 kg) 1.7 g/10 min 1.7 g/10 min ASTM D1238
Density, (23 °C) 0.944 g/cm³ 0.944 g/cm³ ASTM D1505
Mechanical
Flexural Modulus
(1% Secant) 142000 psi 980 MPa ASTM D790
(2% Secant) 120000 psi 825 MPa ASTM D790
Tensile Strength at Yield 3300 psi 22.8 MPa ASTM D638
Environmental Stress Crack Resistance, F೦ೡ
(100% Igepal®, Cond A) 600 hr 600 hr
ASTM D1693
Impact
Low Temperature Impact
1/8" specimen @ -40 °F 35 ft-lbs 45 J ARM
1/4" specimen @ -40 °F 155 ft-lbs 210 J ARM
Thermal
Deflection Temperature Under Load
(66 psi, Unannealed) 149 °F 65 °C ASTM D648
(264 psi, Unannealed) 109 °F 43 °C ASTM D648
Product Description
Microthene MP672962 is a hexene HDPE powder selected by customers for rotationally molding large tank 
applications. MP672962 is a UV-stabilized, 35-mesh powder and is also available in pellet form as Petrothene 
GA672962.
Page 1 of 3
LyondellBasell
Technical Data Sheet
Date: 4/20/2017
Microthene MP672962
Recipient Tracking #: 
Request #: 785316
Low Temperature Impact testing was performed according to the Association of Rotational Molders (ARM) 
International Test Protocol.
These are typical property values not to be construed as specification limits.
Processing Techniques
Specific recommendations for resin type and processing conditions can only be made when the end use, 
required properties and fabrication equipment are known.
Company Information
For further information regarding the LyondellBasell company, please visit http://www.lyb.com/.
© LyondellBasell Industries Holdings, B.V. 2017
Disclaimer
Before using a product sold by a company of the LyondellBasell family of companies, users should make their 
own independent determination that the product is suitable for the intended use and can be used safely and 
legally.
SELLER MAKES NO WARRANTY; EXPRESS OR IMPLIED (INCLUDING ANY WARRANTY OF 
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR ANY WARRANTY) OTHER THAN 
AS SEPARATELY AGREED TO BY THE PARTIES IN A CONTRACT.
Users should review the applicable Safety Data Sheet before handling the product.
This product(s) may not be used in the manufacture of any of the following, without prior written approval by 
Seller for each specific product and application:
(i) U.S. FDA Class I or II Medical Devices; Health Canada Class I, II or III Medical Devices; European Union
Class I or II Medical Devices;
(ii) film, overwrap and/or product packaging that is considered a part or component of one of the
aforementioned medical devices;
(iii) packaging in direct contact with a pharmaceutical active ingredient and/or dosage form that is intended for
inhalation, injection, intravenous, nasal, ophthalmic (eye), digestive, or topical (skin) administration;
(iv) tobacco related products and applications, electronic cigarettes and similar devices.
The product(s) may not be used in:
(i) U.S. FDA Class III Medical Devices; Health Canada Class IV Medical Devices; European Class III Medical
Devices;
(ii) applications involving permanent implantation into the body;
(iii) life-sustaining medical applications.
All references to U.S. FDA, Health Canada, and European Union regulations include another country’s 
equivalent regulatory classification.
In addition to the above, LyondellBasell may further prohibit or restrict the use of its products in certain 
applications. For further information, please contact a LyondellBasell representative.
Page 2 of 3
LyondellBasell
Technical Data Sheet
Date: 4/20/2017
Microthene MP672962
Recipient Tracking #: 
Request #: 785316
Trademarks
Adflex, Adstif, Adsyl, Akoafloor, Akoalit, Alastian, Alathon, Alkylate, Amazing Chemistry, Aquamarine, 
Aquathene, Avant, Catalloy, Clyrell, CRP, Crystex, Dexflex, Duopac, Duoprime, Explore & Experiment, Filmex, 
Flexathene, Fueling the power to win, Glacido, Hifax, Hiflex, Histif, Hostacom, Hostalen, Hyperzone, Ideal, 
Indure, Integrate, Koattro, LIPP, Lucalen, Luflexen, Lupolen, Luposim, Lupostress, Lupotech, Metocene, 
Microthene, Moplen, MPDIOL, Nerolex, Nexprene, Petrothene, Plexar, Polymeg, Pristene, Prodflex, Pro-fax, 
Punctilious, Purell, Refax, SAA100, SAA101,  Sequel, Softell, Spherilene, Spheripol, Spherizone, Starflex, 
Stretchene, Superflex, TBAc , Tebol, T-Hydro, Toppyl, Trans4m, Tufflo, Ultrathene, Vacido and Valtec are 
trademarks owned and/or used by the LyondellBasell family of companies.
Adsyl, Akoafloor, Akoalit, Alastian, Alathon, Aquamarine, Avant, CRP, Crystex, Dexflex, Duopac, Duoprime, 
Explore & Experiment, Filmex, Flexathene, Hifax, Hostacom, Hostalen, Ideal, Integrate, Koattro, Lucalen, 
Lupolen, Metocene, Microthene, Moplen, MPDIOL, Nexprene, Petrothene, Plexar, Polymeg, Pristene, Pro-fax, 
Punctilious, Purell, Sequel, Softell, Spheripol, Spherizone, Starflex, Tebol, T-Hydro, Toppyl, Tufflo and 
Ultrathene are registered in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
Page 3 of 3
LyondellBasell
Technical Data Sheet
Date: 4/20/2017
Microthene MP672962
Recipient Tracking #: 
Request #: 785316
Petrothene GA652962
Technical Data Sheet
Regulatory Status
For regulatory compliance information, see Petrothene GA652962 Product Stewardship Bulletin (PSB) and 
Safety Data Sheet (SDS).
Status  Commercial: Active
Availability  North America
Application  Containers; Intermediate Bulk Containers; Tanks, Industrial
Market Rigid Packaging
Processing Method Rotomolding
Notes
Tensile properties were run with a crosshead speed of 2 inches/min or 50 mm/min.
Igepal® is a registered trademark of Rhodia.
High Density Polyethylene
Typical Properties
Nominal 
Value
English
Units
Nominal
Value
SI
Units Test Method
Physical
Melt Flow Rate, (190 °C/2.16 kg) 2.0 g/10 min 2.0 g/10 min ASTM D1238
Density, (23 °C) 0.942 g/cm³ 0.942 g/cm³ ASTM D1505
Mechanical
Flexural Modulus
(1% Secant) 147000 psi 1010 MPa ASTM D790
(2% Secant) 124000 psi 855 MPa ASTM D790
Tensile Strength at Yield 3400 psi 23.4 MPa ASTM D638
Environmental Stress Crack Resistance
F೦ೡ(10% Igepal®, Cond A) 50 hr 50 hr ASTM D1693
F೦ೡ(100% Igepal®, Cond A) 400 hr 400 hr ASTM D1693
Impact
Low Temperature Impact
1/8" specimen @ -40 °F 40 ft-lbs 55 J ARM
1/4" specimen @ -40 °F 160 ft-lbs 215 J ARM
Thermal
Deflection Temperature Under Load
(66 psi, Unannealed) 149 °F 65 °C ASTM D648
(264 psi, Unannealed) 109 °F 43 °C ASTM D648
Product Description
Petrothene GA652962 is a hexene HDPE resin selected by customers for rotationally molding large tank 
applications. GA652962 is UV-stabilized and is available in a 35 mesh powder as Microthene MP652962.
Page 1 of 3
LyondellBasell
Technical Data Sheet
Date: 4/18/2017
Petrothene GA652962
Recipient Tracking #: 
Request #: 781968
Low Temperature Impact testing was performed according to the Association of Rotational Molders (ARM) 
International Test Protocol.
These are typical property values not to be construed as specification limits.
Processing Techniques
Specific recommendations for resin type and processing conditions can only be made when the end use, 
required properties and fabrication equipment are known.
Company Information
For further information regarding the LyondellBasell company, please visit http://www.lyb.com/.
© LyondellBasell Industries Holdings, B.V. 2017
Disclaimer
Before using a product sold by a company of the LyondellBasell family of companies, users should make their 
own independent determination that the product is suitable for the intended use and can be used safely and 
legally.
SELLER MAKES NO WARRANTY; EXPRESS OR IMPLIED (INCLUDING ANY WARRANTY OF 
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR ANY WARRANTY) OTHER THAN 
AS SEPARATELY AGREED TO BY THE PARTIES IN A CONTRACT.
Users should review the applicable Safety Data Sheet before handling the product.
This product(s) may not be used in the manufacture of any of the following, without prior written approval by 
Seller for each specific product and application:
(i) U.S. FDA Class I or II Medical Devices; Health Canada Class I, II or III Medical Devices; European Union
Class I or II Medical Devices;
(ii) film, overwrap and/or product packaging that is considered a part or component of one of the
aforementioned medical devices;
(iii) packaging in direct contact with a pharmaceutical active ingredient and/or dosage form that is intended for
inhalation, injection, intravenous, nasal, ophthalmic (eye), digestive, or topical (skin) administration;
(iv) tobacco related products and applications, electronic cigarettes and similar devices.
The product(s) may not be used in:
(i) U.S. FDA Class III Medical Devices; Health Canada Class IV Medical Devices; European Class III Medical
Devices;
(ii) applications involving permanent implantation into the body;
(iii) life-sustaining medical applications.
All references to U.S. FDA, Health Canada, and European Union regulations include another country’s 
equivalent regulatory classification.
In addition to the above, LyondellBasell may further prohibit or restrict the use of its products in certain 
applications. For further information, please contact a LyondellBasell representative.
Page 2 of 3
LyondellBasell
Technical Data Sheet
Date: 4/18/2017
Petrothene GA652962
Recipient Tracking #: 
Request #: 781968
Trademarks
Adflex, Adstif, Adsyl, Akoafloor, Akoalit, Alastian, Alathon, Alkylate, Amazing Chemistry, Aquamarine, 
Aquathene, Avant, Catalloy, Clyrell, CRP, Crystex, Dexflex, Duopac, Duoprime, Explore & Experiment, Filmex, 
Flexathene, Fueling the power to win, Glacido, Hifax, Hiflex, Histif, Hostacom, Hostalen, Hyperzone, Ideal, 
Indure, Integrate, Koattro, LIPP, Lucalen, Luflexen, Lupolen, Luposim, Lupostress, Lupotech, Metocene, 
Microthene, Moplen, MPDIOL, Nerolex, Nexprene, Petrothene, Plexar, Polymeg, Pristene, Prodflex, Pro-fax, 
Punctilious, Purell, Refax, SAA100, SAA101,  Sequel, Softell, Spherilene, Spheripol, Spherizone, Starflex, 
Stretchene, Superflex, TBAc , Tebol, T-Hydro, Toppyl, Trans4m, Tufflo, Ultrathene, Vacido and Valtec are 
trademarks owned and/or used by the LyondellBasell family of companies.
Adsyl, Akoafloor, Akoalit, Alastian, Alathon, Aquamarine, Avant, CRP, Crystex, Dexflex, Duopac, Duoprime, 
Explore & Experiment, Filmex, Flexathene, Hifax, Hostacom, Hostalen, Ideal, Integrate, Koattro, Lucalen, 
Lupolen, Metocene, Microthene, Moplen, MPDIOL, Nexprene, Petrothene, Plexar, Polymeg, Pristene, Pro-fax, 
Punctilious, Purell, Sequel, Softell, Spheripol, Spherizone, Starflex, Tebol, T-Hydro, Toppyl, Tufflo and 
Ultrathene are registered in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
Page 3 of 3
LyondellBasell
Technical Data Sheet
Date: 4/18/2017
Petrothene GA652962
Recipient Tracking #: 
Request #: 781968